Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
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Point group of square Antiprismatic is D4d
![2. The complex [Mo(CNH)s]4+ is an eight-coordinate complex discussed in Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1 – 5. The ligand used is isocyanate (RCN where R = H in this
case but can be many different alkyl substituents). You may wish to (but are not
required to) read the paper while answering the following questions.
Ideal square
antiprism
b) While it is always possible to place a coordinate axis at
each atom to find all atomic motions in a molecule,
sometimes (like in this case) this would lead to a very
large number of vibrational modes. We can simplify the
system considerably by ONLY considering the stretching
vibrational modes of the C = N bond. Do this by drawing
eight vectors (the 8 vectors shown here) and finding their
symmetry in the usual way. Which stretching vibrations
will be IR active in the point group you determined in
Ideal square antiprism
(side view with stretching vectors)
part a?](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa1753b3e-a2fd-4394-9086-265c9904725e%2F66fe9af3-8b02-4a93-8a84-8c48e9cd51d8%2Fy548wld_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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