PLEASE ANSWER THE QUESTION AND EXPLAIN SUCCINTLY IN 2 SENTENCES Assuming that the A1 allele is dominant and the average excess of fitness is positive is it likely that the A1 allele will become fixed in the population as a result of natural selection? Why or why not
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- Suppose a population has two alleles at a particular locus, and individuals with different diploid genotypes at this locus have different probabilities of survival and expected offspring, as given in the table below: Genotype Percent surviving to adulthood Expected offspring GG 90% 11 Gg 80% 15 g8 50% 28 Calculate the absolute fitness, W, for each genotype, and then the relative fitness, w, using the smallest absolute fitness value as your reference. Assume that the selection differential s is equal to the difference between the relative fitness values for the heterozygote (Gg) genotype and the genotype with the lowest fitness. (That is, s WG Wiowest ) If there are 410 individuals who are homozygous for the G allele in a population of 1,177, and we ignore the effect of genetic drift, how much should the frequency of the G allele change over one generation of natural selection? Note that this asking for an overall size of change - you should report a value greater than 0. Compute your…Suppose a population has two alleles at a particular locus, and individuals with different diploid genotypes at this locus have different probabilities of survival and expected offspring, as given in the table below: Genotype Percent surviving to adulthood Expected offspring GG 90% 11 Gg 80% 15 gg 50% 28 Calculate the absolute fitness, W, for each genotype, and then the relative fitness, w, using the smallest absolute fitness value as your reference. Assume that the selection differential s is equal to the difference in relative fitnesses of the heterozygote, Gg, genotype and the least-fit genotype. If there are 311 individuals who are homozygous for the G allele in a population of 4,659, and we ignore the effect of genetic drift, how much should the frequency of the G allele change over one generation of natural selection? (Note that this asking for an overall size of change – you should report a value greater than 0. Compute your answer up to four decimal places.)Fitness is ,most corectly a technical term.what does it mean?what two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by natural selection? Explain how Darwinian evolution can decrease and increase the frequency of an allele (or more complex heritable traits ,for that matter)
- Graph 2: Draw the predictions of a population genetics model when the starting allele frequency of the A1 allele is 0.2, individuals that are homozygous for the A1 allele have a 5% increase in fitness, and otherwise all assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg model are true. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0On the off chance that gene A/an isn't in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because of natural selection to such an extent that people with the genotype AA have a fitness of 1.0, heterozygotes have just marginally decreased fitness at 0.9, and people with the genotype aa have a fitness estimation of 0.6, what sort of progress in allele recurrence/frequency would you hope to see over the long haul accepting you start with equivalent frequencies of the 2 alleles?Which of the following statements about the theories of senescence is correct? Question 2 options: The reason why organisms become old and decrepit is because an individual would often have accumulated too much energy in its lifetime in the form of fat reserve; therefore, an older individual often dies from old-age related diseases. An allele that shows its deleterious effect later in life will always have a smaller impact on an organism's fitness than an allele that shows its deleterious effect early in life. Therefore, late-acting deleterious mutations can be fixed in the population, resulting in shortened lifespans. The allele that can result in early reproduction will always be selected for, even if it comes with a cost of earlier senescence. Typically, for species that live fast would usually die young. None of the above
- The genetic composition of a population is 40 homozygous dominant (RR), 360 heterozygotes (Rr) and 600 homozygous recessive (rr). What is the observed frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals? [ Select] What is the observed frequency of the "r" allele? [ Select ] What is the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype? [ Select ] If the Chi-squared value for this system is 2.40, is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Why? (note: the critical values for this test is 3.84), [Select ]Imagine, as early 20th century eugenicists did, a single locus at which there is a gene controllingstrength of mind. A2 is the allele for normalmindedness; A1 is the allele for feeblemindedness.A2 is dominant over A1. Imagine, as Henry H. Goddard (1914) did, that allele A1 = 0.1.• Using pencil and paper, what is the frequency of feebleminded individuals in thepopulation? (Use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle). If we had a population of1000 individuals, how many would be feebleminded? How many would be carriers forfeeblemindedness? How many would be homozygous normalminded?• If a eugenic sterilization law were universally enforced, such that all feeblemindedindividuals were sterilized before reaching sexual maturity, what would be the fitnessesof the three genotypes? Explain.• Using pencil and paper, what would be the frequency of allele A1 after a singlegeneration of eugenic sterilization. Use the numbers you calculated in part a, andassume that every nonsterilized individual…Below is a life table for a hypothetical organism. What is the expected lifetime reproductive success for individuals carrying the A1 allele? (Note: RS: reproductive success) # of individual RS of survivor surviving RS of survivor Age carrying A1 allele carrying A2 allele 1000 1 600 1 420 1 336 1 4 302 272 2 6. 218 1 7 152 1 8. 91 1 9. 46 10 1.84 2.44 3.27 3.54 13
- Fitness is, most correctly, a technical term. What does it mean? What two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by natural selection? Explain how Darwinian evolution can decrease and increase the frequency of an allele (or a more complex heritable trait, for that matter). Write it in an essay formCalculate selection for the following scenario. In a population of prairie dogs living on a prairie, prairie dogs with genotype AA have 9 offspring per year on average, those with genotype Aa have 5 offspring per year on average, and those with genotype aa have 8 offspring on average. Round selection to the nearest hundredth, report selection as a value ranging from "0.00" to "1.00" • Selection on genotype Aa: • Selection on genotype AA: • Selection on genotype aa: Which genotype has the highest fitness? Fill in the blank with homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive. A farmer have 2000 cows. A total of 1500 of the cows are browh coated and the rest are white coated. Allele B for the brown coat is dominant, while allele b for the white coat is recessive: Assume that the population of the cows is at genetic equilibrium and bred randomly. Calculate the frequency for the dominant and recessive alleles of the population. i. Calculate the genotype frequencies in the F1 generation if the cows are left to breed randomly. ii. If the farmer adds another 1000 homozygous dominant brown cows into the populations, calculate the new dominant allele frequency. ii. iv. State three conditions for the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium to be achieved.