PCR is used for cloning DNA and after about 30 cycles, the number of copies DNA will have increased about a billion times. Why is the DNA polymerase from the bacteria Thermus.aquaticus used in PCR? Because it uses primers specific to sequences in a disease causing gene or organism to diagnosis diseases, etc. O It is used to flank the gene to be copied. O It allows scientists to be able to determine the variable number of tandem repeats of minisatellites or microsatellites to determine an individual's DNA fingerprint. O It is present and needed because the enzyme is resistant to very high temperatures since the bacteria live in hot springs. Due to the walls of the he plant cell, which are thick; therefore it is used to degrade the walls for PCR to begin.
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
The enzyme DNA polymerase which is used for PCR reactions is called Taq DNA polymerase which is isolated from the bacteria "Thermus aquaticus".
The purpose of this enzyme is to add nucleotides to the existing DNA fragments, thereby increasing the length of DNA. As the it elongates to a particular length and upto a particular cycle, this process is called " DNA Amplification".
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