Oxygenated hydrocarbons (compounds containing carbón, hydrogen, and oxygen) are common components of biofuels. The combustion of three isomers of C3H,O (shown below) were studied to investigate the effects of structure on combustion speed and efficiency (Fuel 2010, 89, 2864-2872). Identify the number of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in each of these isomers. Structure The number of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms (CH3)2CO H2Ç- HEYCHOH CH3CH2CHO
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![**Oxygenated hydrocarbons** (compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) are common components of biofuels. The combustion of three isomers of **C3H6O** (shown below) were studied to investigate the effects of structure on combustion speed and efficiency (Fuel 2010, 89, 2864-2872). Identify the number of **sp³-hybridized carbon atoms** in each of these isomers.
**Structure** | **The number of sp³-hybridized carbon atoms**
:------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
![Image of isomer 1 represented by chemical structure (CH3)2CO] |
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![Image of isomer 2 represented by chemical structure H2C–CHOH–H2C] |
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![Image of isomer 3 represented by chemical structure CH3CH2CHO] |
Explanation:
1. The first structure shown is (CH3)2CO, also known as Acetone.
2. The second structure is H2C–CHOH–H2C, also known as Propylene Oxide.
3. The third structure is CH3CH2CHO, also known as Propionaldehyde.
For each structure, students should identify and count the number of carbon atoms that are sp³-hybridized, typically characterized by single bonds to four different groups (or lone pairs in the case of Nitrogen, Oxygen, etc.), forming a tetrahedral geometry.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F3cb00ede-af09-4713-a061-065b07b08661%2F73ef04ef-ebff-4fc9-ba81-28d64964f204%2Feesdf0b_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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