On your paper, draw a molecular orbital diagram (like the one shown below) and fill in the 13 valence electrons as arrows for the O₂ anion: • Is O₂ paramagnetic or diamagnetic? • What is the Bond Order for O₂? [Select] . Which has a longer bond, O₂ or 0₂? [Select] — Atomic Orbitals 2p Molecular Orbitals 8~8~0° [Select] Atomic Orbitals 2p 2s paramagnetic, dimagnetic 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 1.0 02, 02-
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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![### Molecular Orbital Diagram for O2²⁻ Anion
In this exercise, you will be creating a molecular orbital diagram for the O2²⁻ anion. This involves filling in the 13 valence electrons of the O2²⁻ anion as arrows in the diagram provided.
1. **Is O2²⁻ paramagnetic or diamagnetic?**
- **Options:** Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic
2. **What is the Bond Order for O2²⁻?**
- **Options:** 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0
3. **Which has a longer bond, O2 or O2²⁻?**
- **Options:** O2, O2²⁻
---
### Molecular Orbital Diagram Explanation
Below is the molecular orbital diagram you will use. It represents the combination of atomic orbitals from two oxygen atoms into molecular orbitals for the O2²⁻ anion.
#### Diagram Structure:
- **Atomic Orbitals (left and right):** These are the orbitals from each oxygen atom that combine to form molecular orbitals.
- **Molecular Orbitals (center):** These are the resulting orbitals formed from the combination of atomic orbitals. Each molecular orbital can contain up to two electrons.
- **σ (sigma) orbitals and π (pi) orbitals:**
- **σ orbitals:** Represent bonds along the axis between the nuclei, both bonding (σg) and antibonding (σu*).
- **π orbitals:** Represent the side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals, both bonding (πu) and antibonding (πg*).
The diagram shows the relative energy levels of these orbitals:
- Lower energy levels are filled first.
- Each box represents an orbital.
- Arrows within the boxes represent electrons, with the direction of arrows indicating electron spin.
The specific molecular orbitals are:
- **σ2s and σ2s***: Formed from 2s orbitals.
- **σ2p and σ2p* (σg and σu*):** Formed from 2p orbitals.
- **π2p (πu and πg*):** Formed from 2p orbitals.
### Filling in Electrons
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