n respiration, air is inhaled into the lungs, which provide a large surface area for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to or from the blood. The transported oxygen is delivered to body cells where it oxidizes glucose and fats from food to produce carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy. The carbon dioxide and water are transported from the cells to the blood and back to the lungs, from which they are exhaled. The exhaled gas is at body temperature and saturated with water, some produced in the glucose and fat oxidation and some additionally drawn from moist lung tissue. Other water-containing streams—food, water, perspiration, and excreted waste streams—maintain the body’s level of hydration. Suppose an individual inhales air at 20°C and 20% relative humidity, and 25% of the inhaled oxygen is consumed in the glucose oxidation reaction. (Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to neglect the oxidation of fats.) A flowchart of the respiration–metabolism process is shown below. The water in the exhaled gas equals the inhaled water plus the water produced by glucose oxidation plus additional water drawn from the lungs. Qm represents only the heat transferred to or from the body as a consequence of the phenomena just described; not shown are heat and work transferred due to other bodily processes. Assume a basis of 1 mol bone-dry air (plus the water that goes with it) inhaled at 20°C. Draw and fully label a flowchart of the metabolic process, considering only breathing and glucose oxidation as components of the process. You don’t need to label the streams between the two units, since this problem will not require determining their masses or compositions. Do a degree-of-freedom analysis of the overall system. Suppose all of the water and CO2 produced from the glucose oxidation are transported to the lungs and exhaled, and calculate the masses of all components of all labeled streams. If the individual inhales an average of 500 mL of air per breath and takes 12 breaths per minute, how much water (fluid ounces) must she drink per day to make up for the water she loses by breathing? Returning to the original basis, estimate the heat (kJ) transferred to or from the body as a consequence of breathing and glucose oxidation, assuming that the glucose is oxidized at 37°C and at that temperature ΔˆHc=−2816kJ/mol.

n respiration, air is inhaled into the lungs, which provide a large surface area for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to or from the blood. The transported oxygen is delivered to body cells where it oxidizes glucose and fats from food to produce carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy. The carbon dioxide and water are transported from the cells to the blood and back to the lungs, from which they are exhaled. The exhaled gas is at body temperature and saturated with water, some produced in the glucose and fat oxidation and some additionally drawn from moist lung tissue. Other water-containing streams—food, water, perspiration, and excreted waste streams—maintain the body’s level of hydration. Suppose an individual inhales air at 20°C and 20% relative humidity, and 25% of the inhaled oxygen is consumed in the glucose oxidation reaction. (Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to neglect the oxidation of fats.) A flowchart of the respiration–metabolism process is shown below. The water in the exhaled gas equals the inhaled water plus the water produced by glucose oxidation plus additional water drawn from the lungs. Qm represents only the heat transferred to or from the body as a consequence of the phenomena just described; not shown are heat and work transferred due to other bodily processes. Assume a basis of 1 mol bone-dry air (plus the water that goes with it) inhaled at 20°C. Draw and fully label a flowchart of the metabolic process, considering only breathing and glucose oxidation as components of the process. You don’t need to label the streams between the two units, since this problem will not require determining their masses or compositions. Do a degree-of-freedom analysis of the overall system. Suppose all of the water and CO2 produced from the glucose oxidation are transported to the lungs and exhaled, and calculate the masses of all components of all labeled streams. If the individual inhales an average of 500 mL of air per breath and takes 12 breaths per minute, how much water (fluid ounces) must she drink per day to make up for the water she loses by breathing? Returning to the original basis, estimate the heat (kJ) transferred to or from the body as a consequence of breathing and glucose oxidation, assuming that the glucose is oxidized at 37°C and at that temperature ΔˆHc=−2816kJ/mol.

Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

8th Edition

ISBN:9781259696527

Author:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart

Publisher:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart

Chapter1: Introduction

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1P

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In respiration, air is inhaled into the lungs, which provide a large surface area for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to or from the blood. The transported oxygen is delivered to body cells where it oxidizes glucose and fats from food to produce carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy. The carbon dioxide and water are transported from the cells to the blood and back to the lungs, from which they are exhaled. The exhaled gas is at body temperature and saturated with water, some produced in the glucose and fat oxidation and some additionally drawn from moist lung tissue. Other water-containing streams—food, water, perspiration, and excreted waste streams—maintain the body’s level of hydration.

Suppose an individual inhales air at 20°C and 20% relative humidity, and 25% of the inhaled oxygen is consumed in the glucose oxidation reaction. (Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to neglect the oxidation of fats.) A flowchart of the respiration–metabolism process is shown below. The water in the exhaled gas equals the inhaled water plus the water produced by glucose oxidation plus additional water drawn from the lungs. Q_m represents only the heat transferred to or from the body as a consequence of the phenomena just described; not shown are heat and work transferred due to other bodily processes.

Assume a basis of 1 mol bone-dry air (plus the water that goes with it) inhaled at 20°C. Draw and fully label a flowchart of the metabolic process, considering only breathing and glucose oxidation as components of the process. You don’t need to label the streams between the two units, since this problem will not require determining their masses or compositions. Do a degree-of-freedom analysis of the overall system.
Suppose all of the water and CO₂ produced from the glucose oxidation are transported to the lungs and exhaled, and calculate the masses of all components of all labeled streams.
If the individual inhales an average of 500 mL of air per breath and takes 12 breaths per minute, how much water (fluid ounces) must she drink per day to make up for the water she loses by breathing?
Returning to the original basis, estimate the heat (kJ) transferred to or from the body as a consequence of breathing and glucose oxidation, assuming that the glucose is oxidized at 37°C and at that temperature ΔˆHc=−2816kJ/mol.

The diagram illustrates the process of respiration and metabolism within the human body, highlighting the exchange of gases and the chemical reactions involved.

1. **Respiration (Lungs)**
- **Inhaled Air**: The lungs take in air containing oxygen (O₂), nitrogen (N₂), and water vapor (H₂O).
- **Exchanged Gases**: Oxygen is transported to the metabolism process, while carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor are returned to the lungs to be exhaled.

2. **Metabolism**
- **Chemical Reaction**: The main metabolic reaction depicted is the conversion of glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, detailed by the equation:
\[
\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O}
\]
- **Input**: Glucose, sourced from food, enters this process, along with oxygen from respiration.
- **Output**: The byproducts of the reaction, carbon dioxide and water, are sent back to the lungs for expulsion.

3. **Process Flow**
- Oxygen is absorbed into the metabolism process from respiration.
- Metabolic processes produce CO₂ and H₂O, which are then transported back to the lungs.
- The lungs expel exhaled gas containing unused oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

The diagram shows how critical oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide expulsion are to cellular respiration, emphasizing the exchange between the lungs and the metabolic processes in the body.

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