Bacterial Morphology
The bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that are single-celled, and are found to exist as free-living and possess a microscopic size. The morphology is found to vary in the bacteria, where some of them are identified as individual organisms and the others are detected as colonies. The size and shape of the bacterial cell also represent its morphology.
Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria are single-celled, tiny creatures that may enter healthy tissues and grow rapidly. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are tiny and unicellular. These are members of the prokaryote kingdom. They live in water, air, soil, and all-natural environments. They are used in industrial and therapeutic processes, and they support a wide range of plant and animal life. The first organism to appear on the planet. Bacteria-like creatures are the oldest known fossils. Bacteria can consume a wide range of organic and inorganic elements, and some may even survive in harsh conditions.
You are studying a group of mutations in Drosophila all of which are recessive lethal and map to a small area of chromosome 3. You decide to perform complementation testing to see which mutations are in the same gene. You have bred your flies such that they have the following genotype:
+; +; TM3 Sb/mut; +
This indicates that chromosomes X, 2, and 4 are wild-type. One copy of chromosome 3 is the balancer TM3 Sb which carries a recessive lethal gene and the dominant marker Stubble (Sb), which causes the flies to have short bristles. The other copy of chromosome 3 carries your recessive lethal mutation.
a) Describe how you would maintain each of your individual stocks. What ratios of
b) When you perform your complementation testing, you will have to look at the F1 phenotypes to determine whether two genes complement. Describe what your F1 fly population should look like if the two mutations complement and if they do not.
You breed each of your four mutations and score complementation. Below are your results (+ indicates complementation, - indicates failure to complement):
|
Mutation |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
|
2 |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
|
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
4 |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
c) What is unusual about mutation 3? Provide a possible explanations for this phenomenon. (Hint: remember that all mutations were mapped to a small region of chr3)
d) One way to test your hypothesis in part c is to examine the fly's salivary glands. Describe what this experiment would entail and what flies you would compare.
e) You generate an additional fly line that has two dominant markers, Rosy (Ry) and Curly (Cy), integrated in the part of chr3 where mutations 1-4 were mapped. Rosy gives the flies ruby red eyes while Curly makes their wings curl backwards. You know that Rosy and Curly are 1 centimorgan (1 map unit) apart. You cross the TM3 Sb/Ry Cy males with TM3 Sb/mut3 females. You retrieve Ry Cy/mut3 females and cross them to wt/wt males. Describe the phenotypes you would expect for parental and recombinant genotypes (at the three loci you are studying). Then, state why you should not observe any of the recombinant phenotypes in the progeny.
please answer. a , b , c.
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