Most people with the dominant mutant polydactyly allele have extra digits but at least 25% have the normal number of digits. What is the genetic explanation for this observation?
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Most people with the dominant mutant polydactyly allele have extra digits but at least 25% have the normal number of digits. What is the genetic explanation for this observation?
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- One particularly useful feature of the Hardy-Weinberg equation is that it allows us to estimate the frequency of heterozygotes for recessive genetic diseases, assuming that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exists. As an example, let’s consider cystic fibrosis, which is a human genetic disease involving a gene that encodes a chloride transporter. Persons with this disorder have an irregularity in salt and water balance. One of the symptoms is thick mucus in the lungs that can contribute to repeated lung infections. In populations of Northern European descent, the frequency of affected individuals is approximately 1 in 2500. Because this is a recessive disorder, affected individuals are homozygotes. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous carriers?a) Assume that colour is controlled by a single sex-influenced gene where green is expressed preferentially in males. Individuals I-1 and I-2 are homozygous for red and green respectively. Which individual/s in generation II will be red? b) If colour is a controlled by cytoplasmic DNA, which individual/s in generation II will be green?Two hedgehog parents are heterozygous at the spiny locus, each with genotype Ss. This locus affects the length of the individuals’ spines, which ranges from 1 cm in SS homozygotes to 3 cm in ss homozygotes.Inheritance of spine length in this family is entirely due to the spiny locus and it exhibits additivity. Remember that development of spines depends on thousands of genes, but we’re only considering this one gene because it’s the one that varies in a way that affects spine length in this family. a) List all of the phenotypes we could observe among offspring of these Ss heterozygote parents. b) What’s the probability that an offspring of these heterozygous parents is an SS homozygote? c) If the parents have exactly two offspring, what is the probability that the two hedgehog kids have no alleles in common? In other words, what’s the probability that one kid is SS and the other ss?
- Using designations "Group A", “Group B," etc., organize the mutant strains into complementation groups. If the result of any cross does not fit your groupings, indicate which cross(es) you have excluded. Consider the consequence if one of the mutations was dominant. You should see that complementation tests could not be used to provide information about dominant mutations. a) If a mutation were dominant, how would the diploid be affected? What effect would this have on the determination of your complementation groups? b) How would you test if any of these trp¯ mutations were dominant?In a woman who is a carrier of a mutant OTC deficiency allele, her sons who receive the mutant allele will be affected and her daughters will be carriers who may or may not be symptomatic, depending on random X inactivation in the liver. 1) Is this a single gene inheritance or multifactorial disease? 2) Is there a strong genetic or environmental cause to the development of this disease? If both genetic and environmental causes are implicated, you have to indicate each of them separately.Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a sex- linked, recessive disease in which a mutation in the gene for dystrophin results in muscle cell degeneration. A normal man marries a woman who is a carrier for DMD. a) What are the parent genotypes? b) What are the four possible offspring genotypes from this cross? HINT - do a Punnett Square to figure this out! c) If they have four sons, how many of them will have DMD? ( d) If they have eight children, how many will be carriers of DMD? BONUS (+1): Why are males more often affected by sex-linked disorders than females?
- Miniature wings (Xm) in Drosophila result from an X-linked allele that is recessive to the allele for long wings (X*). Give the genotypes of the parents in the following cross: Male parent Female parent Male offspring Female offspring 231 long, 250 miniature Long Long 560 long O male: Xm/Y and female X* /X* male: X* / Y and female Xm /x O male: X* /Y and female X* /X* male: Xm/Y and female Xm /x+You cross a true-breeding yellow-bodied, smooth-winged female fly with a true-breeding red-bodied, crinkle-winged male. The red body phenotype is dominant to the yellow body phenotype and smooth wings are dominant to crinkled wings. Use B or b for body color alleles, and W or w for wing surface alleles.(4 points) a) What are the genotypes of the P generation flies? b) What will be the genotype(s) and phenotype(s) of the F1 offspring? c) You discover that the genes for body color and wing surface are linked. You perform a dihybrid test cross between the F1 flies from part (b) with a true-breeding yellow-bodied, crinkle-winged fly. Use the following results of this cross to determine the recombination frequency (%) between the body color and wing surface genes. (Remember that the recombinants are the ones that do not resemble the parental types from the P generation.) Body Color Wing Surface # of Individuals red smooth 102 yellow smooth 404 red crinkled 396 yellow crinkled…Given the karyotype shown at right, is this a male or a female? Normal or abnormal? What would the phenotype of this individual be?
- The gene controlling ABO blood type and the gene underlying nail-patella syndrome are said to show linkage. What does that mean in terms of their relative locations in the genome? What does it mean in terms of how the two traits are inherited with respect to each other?Individuals of genotype AaBb were mated to individuals of genotype aabb. One thousand offspring were counted, with the following results: 474 Aabb, 480 aaBb, 20 AaBb, and 26 aabb. What type of cross is it? Are these loci linked? What are the two parental classes and the two recombinant classes of offspring? What is the percentage of recombination between these two loci? How many map units apart are they?Consider a Droscophilia fly with a genotype of Nn XqYY. The dominant allele of the sex-linked gene specifies a black body and the recessive a white body. The recessive autosomal allele specifies hairy bristles while the dominant allele specifies smooth bristles. i)What is the ploidy of this fly? ii) What would the sex of this fly be? iii)What would the phenotype of this fly be with respect to these two loci?