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- List all of the regulatory enzymes from both Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, and under each, list the (-) inhibitors and the (+) activators.Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis share most of their reactions and enzymes, apart from the three irreversible reactions in glycolysis. Provide a simplified schematic presentation (metabolic map) of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; and indicate the enzymes that differ between the two processes.When 1 mole of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to 2 moles of pyruvate via the glycolysis pathway, the net formation of: *
- Although both hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis and the hexokinase-catalyzed step is first, phosphofructokinase is nonetheless the pacemaker of glycolysis. What does this information tell you about the fate of the glucose 6- phosphate formed by hexokinase?Explain why pyruvate cannot be converted to glucose in an exact reverse of the glycolysis pathway.c) Cooperation between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is important to ensure the glucose-subjected energy demands of specific cells are met. Explain this statement.
- In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for thisGlycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated, determine how each of the following intermediates; low ATP levels and high cholesterol levels, will affect glycolysis.Identify the following as a characteristic of one or more following process: glycolysis, glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. 1. Glucose 6-phosphate is the initial reactant 2. Glucose is the final product 3. Glucose 6-phosphate is produced in the first step 4. UTP is involved in the process 5. ADP is converted to ATP in this process
- In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate themechanisms whereby these reactions occurIn glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. For full credit, detail: 1) The enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP 2) The intermediate that is created 3) The "energetic cost" of the reaction(s) (For instance, is the hydrolysis of a high-energy bond in a nucleotide triphosphate necessary?)Of the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?