Look again at Fig. 43.12. Imagine that a different novel antigen is added on day 40 rather than a second injection of the same antigen. Would you predict that there would be a primary or a secondary response to this second antigen?

Q: Active vs Passive vaccination, which is false: A. Passive vaccination: involves infusion of another…

A: Passive vaccination or passive immunization is referred to the administration of antibodies to an…

Q: Notice the dotted line for a CD4 count of 200. Why is that level important?   A This is the point…

A: HIV and CD4 Count HIV -  human immunodeficiency virus causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

Q: Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream,…

A: Antibody  Antibody is Y shaped molecules which are made up of proteins. They help in fighting with…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: 8. Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific…

A: 8. Clonal Selection Hypothesis is the most accepted theory for how immune cells respond to specific…

Q: Effective vaccines have been developed against diseases such as hepatitis B,smallpox, polio,…

A: The agents which stimulate the immune system and provide protection against infections/diseases are…

Q: Could allergies reflect some beneficial evolutionary adaptation?

A: Allergy can be defined as the immune system that will respond to a foreign substance that is not…

Q: This year, SARS-COV-2 strains have been reported to have mutated in the body of an immunocompromised…

A: There may be now clear evidence of altered antigenicity of SARS- CoV-2 spike protein and amino acid…

Q: The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the…

A: HIV destroys CD4 cells by using their replication machinery to create new copies of the virus. This…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: Vaccines have effectively prevented many viral diseases. Attempts over many years to develop an…

A: Introduction: vaccine a material that includes infectious organism antigenic components. It guards…

Q: Mike, an unvaccinated university student traveled to Western Europe, where he contracted mumps…

A: Immunoglobulin is the term collectively used for antibodies, and antibodies are the antigen-binding…

Q: 29. In lecture, we discussed some of the new platforms for COVID-19 vaccines. Adenovirus-vector…

A: Vaccines are agents that enable an individual to gain active acquired immunity against a specific…

Q: Even though the oral polio vaccine is not used in the developed world, it is still widely used in…

A: Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. It is the most enduring…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza…

A: Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

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A: Influenza virus comprised of segmented nucleic acid, nucleocapsid protein, matrix, matrix protein,…

Q: Describe two advantages of an attenuated vaccine over an inacti­vated one.

A: Live vaccine are produced by reducing the virulence (disease causing capacity), whereas killed or…

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A: HIV is Human immunodeficiency virus. As HIV causes  the white  blood cell most effectively.

Q: Explain the process of how vaccines stimulate the immune system to generate protective immunity…

A: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide active acquired immunity to a particular…

Q: The figure below illustrates the development of white blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow…

A: White blood cells, or leukocytes, are vital components of the human immune system. They originate…

Q: What is the explanation for the results in Rows 1–4 of the table?. Why does the T cell response to…

A: T lymphocyte is a kind of leukocyte (white blood cell) that plays an important role in the immune…

Q: H1N1 and H5N2 can undergo an antigenic shift. The H and N genes are independent gene segments. What…

A: Antigenic drift signifies the mixing of different inflenza genes from different species.  Influenza…

Q: Looking at figure , explain how thisphenomenon pertains to allergies.

A: The hapten-carrier phenomenon is seen with many allergies to common household chemicals, and some…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Introduction: An antibody is a glycoprotein produced by the plasma cells in response to an allergen…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: which of the following describes a potential property of the variable region released? a-activation…

A: An "antibody" is also characterized as an "immunoglobulin (Ig)", is a big, Y-shaped protein that…

Q: 1) a. Why does the immunity offered by COvid vaccines last only for about 2-3 months maximum…

A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: (M/C) Which statement is the best with respect to the role of the different arms of the immune…

A: Analysis of the GraphWild Type (WT): This line represents the normal mice with a fully functional…

Q: What are the vaccines? and what are factors

A: A biological preparation known as a vaccination offers active acquired immunity to a specific…

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A: Differentiation is the tendency of stem cells to transform into any cell in the body. They may be…

Q: Why are mutations in the spike protein of special interest in regard to vaccine evasion? O Because…

A: The covid-19 pandemic has shook the entire world. The infectivity of the virus strain is of much…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza…

A: A universal influenza vaccine is one common vaccine that is effective against all the other strains…

Q: Based on the experience of the Philippines with the dengue vaccine, what can you conclude regarding…

A: A vaccine is a biologically prepared substance injected into the body to create an acquired immunity…

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A: Dengue is a mosquito born viral disease. Dengue vaccine in Philippines was launched as a mass…

Q: How can serological testing be used to study the long-term immunity and antibody responses in…

A: Serological testing (also known as antibody testing)  helps in understanding the immune response to…

Q: Please explain in depth, 800 word li

A: The Immune framework's approach to safeguarding the body against infectious disease. Immunity to an…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.