According to the second line, there were 9 pairs where at least one twin died of coronary heart disease;in all 9 cases, the smoker died first. According to the last line, there were 2 pairs where at least one twindied of lung cancer, and in both pairs the smoker died first.For parts (a)-(c) suppose that each twin in the pair is equally likely to die first, regardless smoking ornot. So the number of pairs in which the smoker dies first is like the number of heads in coin-tossing.(a) Under this assumption, what is the chance of having 17 or more pairs out of 22 where the smokerdies first? Calculate this probability using the Binomial formula.(b) Calculate the probability in (a) using normal approximation with continuity correction. Compareyour answer with that in (a).(c) Using the Binomial formula, calculate the chance that, the smokers die first in all of the 9 pairs fromcoronary heart disease.(d) Can you use the normal approximation to calculate the probability in (c)? Why or why not?(e) Can the difference between the death rates for smoking and non-smoking twins be explained bychance? genetics? or heath effects of smoking? Explain your reasoning. It is now generally accepted that cigarette smoking causes heart disease, lung cancer, and many other dis-eases. However, in the 1950s, this idea was controversial. There was a strong association between smokingand ill-health, but association is not causation. R. A Fisher advanced the "constitutional hypothesis:there is some genetic factor that disposes you both to smoke and to die.To refute Fisher's idea, the epidemiologists used twin studies. They identified sets of smoking-discordantmonozygotic twin pairs. "Monozygotic" twins come from one egg and have identical genetic makeup;"smoking-discordant" means that one twin smokes, the other does not. The researchers collected data onwhich twin dies first, the smoker or the non-smoker. The data from a Finnish twin study are shown inthe following table.Smokers Non-smokersAll Causes175Coronary heart diseaseLung Cancer9According to the first line of the table, there were 22 smoking-discordant monozygotic twin pairs whereat least one twin of the pair died. In 17 cases, the smoker died first; in 5 cases, the non-smoker died first.

Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…

Answered: It is now generally accepted that…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The NIH is funding a trial for a new antidepressant drug. A sample of 1000 people with severe depression are recruited and, at baseline, are given a questionnaire asking about their demographic characteristicsand their mental health. They are then randomly assigned to one of two groups. The treatment group receives the new antidepressant, a pill that must be taken twice a day. The control group receives a placebo pill containing nothing medically active, which must also be taken twice a day. After 10 weeks, researchers locate the individuals and ask them to fill out a questionnaire again assessing their mental health. At the end of the study, researchers find no statistically significant difference in the mental health of the treatment and control groups. Q: Should we be concerned about unbalanced groups here? Is it possible to empirically explore whether this is a problem for this study?
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55
A study published in JAMA in 2004 examined past results of other studies on bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is done to replace the size of the stomach in various ways. It is typically used on only obese patients, and one the traditional form of the surgery, gastric bypass has a 1% mortality (death) rate caused by surgery. However, in the studies reporting on the effects of the surgery on Type ll diabetes, 1417 of 1846 diabetic patients recovered completely from diabetes after surgery. These patients no longer need medication like insulin (which is injected into the skin) or pills to help manage blood sugar. If you had a morbidly obese relative with diabetes what would you tell him or her about bariatric surgery? Explain. Would you recovered it? Why/ why not?
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