Insulin signals activate all of the following enzymes except: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) Protein kinase B (PKB; or Akt) All of the above enzymes are activated by insulin signals Citrate move in and out of mitochondria via a specific transport protein. What would happen if aninhibitor completely inhibited this transport system? Fatty acid biosynthesis would slow down Ketone body synthesis would slow down Both A and B Neither A nor B

Insulin signals activate all of the following enzymes except: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) Protein kinase B (PKB; or Akt) All of the above enzymes are activated by insulin signals Citrate move in and out of mitochondria via a specific transport protein. What would happen if aninhibitor completely inhibited this transport system? Fatty acid biosynthesis would slow down Ketone body synthesis would slow down Both A and B Neither A nor B

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter37: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2VCQ: Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from...

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Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels
Which of the following tumor-promoting (oncogenic) proteins promotes increased uptake of glutamine? Group of answer choices Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase Myc GLUT1 HIF-1 Which of the following has the greatest capacity for ATP production by aerobic respiration? fast twitch muscle slow twitch muscle white fat brown fat Which of the following is an inhibitor of Complex I? Azide UCP1 Catalase Rotenone Which of the following facilitates electron transfer from a 2 electron carrier to a 1 electron carrier? Complex II Complex I Complex III Complex IV
Which of the following is an expected effect of HIF-1 regulated release of VEGF? Group of answer choices decreased reliance on oxygen for ATP production increased blood supply to hypoxic regions of tissues increased lactate production increased ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation Which of these is LEAST likely to be present at higher levels as a result of stabilization of HIF-1? Group of answer choices citrate hexokinase lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
Which of the following enzymes are activated after insulin binds to its receptor? (select all that apply) Protein Phosphatase-1 Glycogen Synthase Lipase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
How does the Na+/ K+ ATPase play a role in glucose transport? phosphorylates GLUT1 to activate it pumps Na+ across plasma membranes into cytoplasm to activate the sodium-glucose transporter pumps Na+ across basal plasma membrane to the outside of intestinal cells so that co-transport of glucose with Na+ into cytoplasm is facilitated allows for the diffusion of K+ inside of cell so that co-transport with glucose is facilitated
Digoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transport
The hormone, glucagon, is released in the body when glucose levels are low. Briefly describe how each of the following participate in the response to glucagon: gluconeogenesis glycolysis F16BP F26BP PFK-1 PFK-2 FBPase-1 FBPase-2
Activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase _________________________. Stimulates the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase Stimulates the phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase Stimulates the phosphorylation of PFK-2 Stimulates the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 All of the above None of the above Which of the following is likely to occur in type I diabetic patients? A decreased level of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) A decreased level of melanocortin Both A and B Neither A nor B
What is caused (indirectly) by the binding of a glucagon molecule to its receptor on the surface of a liver cell? Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphatase, which results in it becoming less active. Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase, which results in it becoming less active Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase, which results in it becoming more active Dephosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase, which results in it becoming more active. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, which results in it becoming more active
In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?
Which of the following statements regarding the stimulation of beige adipocyte development is INCORRECT? norepinephrine binds adrenergic receptors leading to the production of CAMP. Activation of PKA leads to the phosphorylation of Pgc-1a. Pgc-1a binds DNA and regulates the transcription of UCP1. The UCP1 protein is transported to the inner mitochondrial membrane following translation. UCP1 enhances the production of the mitochondrial proton gradient leading to increased cell respiration and heat generation.
What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis