In what ways does Hammurabi's law code demonstrate the emergence and hardening of inequalities in ancient Mesopotamia? themes related to social class, gender, politics, and religion. (175 words)
In what ways does Hammurabi's law code demonstrate the emergence and hardening of inequalities in ancient Mesopotamia? themes related to social class, gender, politics, and religion. (175 words)
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In what ways does Hammurabi's law code demonstrate the emergence and hardening of inequalities in ancient Mesopotamia? themes related to social class, gender, politics, and religion. (175 words)
![that seignior has made up his mind to marry a lay priestess, they may
not allow that seignior, since he may not marry the lay priestess.
145. If a seignior married a hierodule and she did not provide him with
children and he has made up his mind to marry a lay priestess, that
seignior may marry the lay priestess, thus bringing her into his house,
(but) with that lay priestess ranking in no way with the hierodule.
146. When a seignior married a hierodule and she gave a female slave to
her husband and she has then borne children, if later that female
slave has claimed equality with her mistress because she bore chil-
dren, her mistress may not sell her; she may mark her with the slave-
mark and count her among the slaves.
147. If she did not bear children, her mistress may sell her.
148. When a seignior married a woman and a fever has then seized her,
if he has made up his mind to marry another, he may marry (her),
without divorcing his wife whom the fever seized; she shall live in
the house which he built and he shall continue to support her as
long as she lives.
149. If that woman has refused to live in her husband's house, he shall
make good her dowry to her which she brought from her father's
house and then she
196. If a seignior has destroyed the eye of a member of the aristocracy,
they shall destroy
197. If he has broken a(nother) seignior's bone, they shall break his bone.
198. If he has destroyed the eye of a commoner or broken the bone of a
his
eye.
commoner, he shall pay one mina of silver.
199. If he has destroyed the eye of a seignior's slave or broken the bone of
a seignior's slave, he shall pay one-half his value.
200. If a seignior has knocked out a tooth of a seignior of his own rank,
they shall knock out his tooth.
201. If he has knocked out a commoner's tooth, he shall pay one-third
mina of silver.
202. If a seignior has struck the cheek of a seignior who is superior to him,
he shall be beaten sixty (times) with an oxtail whip in the assembly.
203. If a member of the aristocracy has struck the cheek of a(nother)
member of the aristocracy who is of the same rank as himself, he
shall pay one mina of silver.
204. If a commoner has struck the cheek of a(nother) commoner, he
shall pay ten shekels [coins] of silver.
205. If a seignior's slave has struck the cheek of a member of the aristoc-
racy, they shall cut off his ear.
206. Ifa seignior has struck a(nother) seignior in a brawl and has inflicted
an injury on him, that seignior shall swear, “I did not strike him
deliberately"; and he shall also pay for the physician.
207. If he has died because of his blow, he shall swear (as before), and if it
was a member of the aristocracy, he shall
208. If it was a member of the commonalty, he shall pay one-third mina
of silver.
may
leave.
150. If a seignior, upon presenting a field, orchard, house, or goods to his
wife, left a sealed document with her, her children may not enter a
claim against her after (the death of) her husband, since the mother
may give her inheritance to that son of hers whom she likes, (but)
one-half mina of silver.
she may not give (it) to an outsider. ...
153. If a seignior's wife has brought about the death of her husband
because of another man, they shall impale that woman on stakes.
154. If a seignior has had intercourse with his daughter, they shall make
that seignior leave the city.
155. Ifa seignior chose a bride for his son and his son had intercourse with
her, but later he himself has lain in her bosom and they have caught
him, they shall bind that seignior and throw him into the water.
156. If a seignior chose a bride for his son and his son did not have inter-
course with her, but he himself has lain in her bosom, he shall
to her one-half mina of silver and he shall also make good to her
whatever she brought from her father's house in order that the man
of her choice may marry her.
157. If a seignior has lain in the bosom of his mother after (the death of)
his father, they shall burn both of them.
195. If a son has struck his father, they shall cut off his hand.
рay
209. If a seignior struck a(nother) seignior's daughter and has caused her to
have a miscarriage, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for her fetus.
210. If that woman has died, they shall put his daughter to death.
211. If by a blow he has caused a commoner's daughter to have a miscar-
riage, he shall pay five shekels of silver.
212. If that woman has died, he shall pay one-half mina of silver.
213. If he struck a seignior's female slave and has caused her to have a
miscarriage, he shall pay two shekels of silver.
214. If that female slave has died, he shall pay one-third mina of silver.
215. If a physician performed a major operation on a freeman with a
bronze lancet and has saved the freeman's life, or he opened up
eye-socket of a freeman with a bronze lancet and has saved the free-
man's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver.
рay
the](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe5be6a58-7017-4bfd-8782-cf647fda1af3%2F7ecf2635-4a09-47f6-97d9-e4696987171b%2Fm51fylm_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:that seignior has made up his mind to marry a lay priestess, they may
not allow that seignior, since he may not marry the lay priestess.
145. If a seignior married a hierodule and she did not provide him with
children and he has made up his mind to marry a lay priestess, that
seignior may marry the lay priestess, thus bringing her into his house,
(but) with that lay priestess ranking in no way with the hierodule.
146. When a seignior married a hierodule and she gave a female slave to
her husband and she has then borne children, if later that female
slave has claimed equality with her mistress because she bore chil-
dren, her mistress may not sell her; she may mark her with the slave-
mark and count her among the slaves.
147. If she did not bear children, her mistress may sell her.
148. When a seignior married a woman and a fever has then seized her,
if he has made up his mind to marry another, he may marry (her),
without divorcing his wife whom the fever seized; she shall live in
the house which he built and he shall continue to support her as
long as she lives.
149. If that woman has refused to live in her husband's house, he shall
make good her dowry to her which she brought from her father's
house and then she
196. If a seignior has destroyed the eye of a member of the aristocracy,
they shall destroy
197. If he has broken a(nother) seignior's bone, they shall break his bone.
198. If he has destroyed the eye of a commoner or broken the bone of a
his
eye.
commoner, he shall pay one mina of silver.
199. If he has destroyed the eye of a seignior's slave or broken the bone of
a seignior's slave, he shall pay one-half his value.
200. If a seignior has knocked out a tooth of a seignior of his own rank,
they shall knock out his tooth.
201. If he has knocked out a commoner's tooth, he shall pay one-third
mina of silver.
202. If a seignior has struck the cheek of a seignior who is superior to him,
he shall be beaten sixty (times) with an oxtail whip in the assembly.
203. If a member of the aristocracy has struck the cheek of a(nother)
member of the aristocracy who is of the same rank as himself, he
shall pay one mina of silver.
204. If a commoner has struck the cheek of a(nother) commoner, he
shall pay ten shekels [coins] of silver.
205. If a seignior's slave has struck the cheek of a member of the aristoc-
racy, they shall cut off his ear.
206. Ifa seignior has struck a(nother) seignior in a brawl and has inflicted
an injury on him, that seignior shall swear, “I did not strike him
deliberately"; and he shall also pay for the physician.
207. If he has died because of his blow, he shall swear (as before), and if it
was a member of the aristocracy, he shall
208. If it was a member of the commonalty, he shall pay one-third mina
of silver.
may
leave.
150. If a seignior, upon presenting a field, orchard, house, or goods to his
wife, left a sealed document with her, her children may not enter a
claim against her after (the death of) her husband, since the mother
may give her inheritance to that son of hers whom she likes, (but)
one-half mina of silver.
she may not give (it) to an outsider. ...
153. If a seignior's wife has brought about the death of her husband
because of another man, they shall impale that woman on stakes.
154. If a seignior has had intercourse with his daughter, they shall make
that seignior leave the city.
155. Ifa seignior chose a bride for his son and his son had intercourse with
her, but later he himself has lain in her bosom and they have caught
him, they shall bind that seignior and throw him into the water.
156. If a seignior chose a bride for his son and his son did not have inter-
course with her, but he himself has lain in her bosom, he shall
to her one-half mina of silver and he shall also make good to her
whatever she brought from her father's house in order that the man
of her choice may marry her.
157. If a seignior has lain in the bosom of his mother after (the death of)
his father, they shall burn both of them.
195. If a son has struck his father, they shall cut off his hand.
рay
209. If a seignior struck a(nother) seignior's daughter and has caused her to
have a miscarriage, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for her fetus.
210. If that woman has died, they shall put his daughter to death.
211. If by a blow he has caused a commoner's daughter to have a miscar-
riage, he shall pay five shekels of silver.
212. If that woman has died, he shall pay one-half mina of silver.
213. If he struck a seignior's female slave and has caused her to have a
miscarriage, he shall pay two shekels of silver.
214. If that female slave has died, he shall pay one-third mina of silver.
215. If a physician performed a major operation on a freeman with a
bronze lancet and has saved the freeman's life, or he opened up
eye-socket of a freeman with a bronze lancet and has saved the free-
man's eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver.
рay
the
![lo cause justice to prevail in the land,
to destroy the wicked and the evil,
that the strong might not oppress the weak,
to rise like the sun over the black-headed (people),
and to light up the land....
136. If when a seignior deserted his city and then ran away, his wife has
entered the house of another after his (departure), if that seignior has
returned and wishes to take back his wife, the wife of the fugitive shall
not return to her husband because he scorned his city and ran away.
137. If a seignior has made up his mind to divorce a lay priestess, who
bore him children, or a heirodule" who provided him with children,
they shall return her dowry to that woman and also give her half of
the field, orchard and goods in order that she may rear her children;
after she has brought up her children, from whatever was given to her
.children they shall give her a portion corresponding to (that of) an
individual heir in order that the man of her choice may marry her.
138. Ifa seignior wishes to divorce his wife who did not bear him children,
he shall give her money to the full amount of her marriage-price
and he shall also make good to her the dowry which she brought
from her father's house and then he may divorce her.
139. If there was no marriage-price, he shall give her one mina2 of silver
as the divorce-settlement.
CODE OF LAWS
128. If a seigniorº acquired a wife, but did not draw up the contracts for
her, that woman is no wife.
129. If the wife of a seignior has been caught while lying with another
man, they shall bind them and throw them into the water. If the
husband of the woman wishes to spare his wife, then the king in
turn may spare his subject.
130. If a seignior bound the (betrothed) wife of a(nother) seignior, who
had had no intercourse with a male and was still living in her father's
house, and he has lain in her bosom and they have caught him, that
seignior shall be put to death, while that woman shall go free.
131. If a seignior's wife was accused by her husband, but she was not
caught while lying with another man, she shall make affirmation by
god and returm to her house.
132. If the finger was pointed at the wife of a seignior because of another
man, but she has not been caught while lying with the other man,
she shall throw herself into the river for the sake of her husband.
140. If he is a peasant, he shall give her one-third mina of silver.
141. If a seignior's wife, who was living in the house of the seignior, has
made up her mind to leave in order that she may engage in busi-
133. If a seignior was taken captive, but there was sufficient to live on in
his house, his wife (shall not leave her house, but she shall take care
of her person by not] entering [the house of another].
133a. If that woman did not take care of her person, but has entered the
house of another, they shall prove it against that woman and throw
her into the water.
ness, thus neglecting her house (and) humiliating her husband, they
shall prove it against her; and if her husband has then decided on
her divorce, he may divorce her, with nothing to be given her as her
divorce-settlement upon her departure. If her husband has not
decided on her divorce, her husband may marry another woman,
with the former woman living in the house of her husband like a
maidservant.
134. If the seignior was taken captive and there was not sufficient to live
on in his house, his wife may enter the house of another, with that
woman incurring no blame at all.
135. If, when a seignior was taken captive and there was not sufficient to
live on in his house, his wife has then entered the house of another
before his (return) and has borne children, (and) later her husband
has returned and has reached his city, that woman shall return to
her first husband, while the children shall go with their father.
142. If a woman so hated her husband that she has declared, "You may
not have me," her record shall be investigated at her city council,
and if she was careful and was not at fault, even though her husband
has been going out and disparaging her greatly, that woman, with-
out incurring any blame at all, may take her dowry and go off to her
father's house.
143. Ifshe wasnot careful, but was a gadabout, thus neglecting her house
(and) humiliating her husband, they shall throw that woman into
the water.
144. When a seignior married a hierodule and that hierodule gave a
female slave to her husband and she has then produced children, if
19 seignior: This is a free man (not a slave) and could include members of the upper
class.
1'hierodule: A female slave of the temple.
12 mina: A weight equal to just over one pound.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe5be6a58-7017-4bfd-8782-cf647fda1af3%2F7ecf2635-4a09-47f6-97d9-e4696987171b%2Fz8khd1n_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:lo cause justice to prevail in the land,
to destroy the wicked and the evil,
that the strong might not oppress the weak,
to rise like the sun over the black-headed (people),
and to light up the land....
136. If when a seignior deserted his city and then ran away, his wife has
entered the house of another after his (departure), if that seignior has
returned and wishes to take back his wife, the wife of the fugitive shall
not return to her husband because he scorned his city and ran away.
137. If a seignior has made up his mind to divorce a lay priestess, who
bore him children, or a heirodule" who provided him with children,
they shall return her dowry to that woman and also give her half of
the field, orchard and goods in order that she may rear her children;
after she has brought up her children, from whatever was given to her
.children they shall give her a portion corresponding to (that of) an
individual heir in order that the man of her choice may marry her.
138. Ifa seignior wishes to divorce his wife who did not bear him children,
he shall give her money to the full amount of her marriage-price
and he shall also make good to her the dowry which she brought
from her father's house and then he may divorce her.
139. If there was no marriage-price, he shall give her one mina2 of silver
as the divorce-settlement.
CODE OF LAWS
128. If a seigniorº acquired a wife, but did not draw up the contracts for
her, that woman is no wife.
129. If the wife of a seignior has been caught while lying with another
man, they shall bind them and throw them into the water. If the
husband of the woman wishes to spare his wife, then the king in
turn may spare his subject.
130. If a seignior bound the (betrothed) wife of a(nother) seignior, who
had had no intercourse with a male and was still living in her father's
house, and he has lain in her bosom and they have caught him, that
seignior shall be put to death, while that woman shall go free.
131. If a seignior's wife was accused by her husband, but she was not
caught while lying with another man, she shall make affirmation by
god and returm to her house.
132. If the finger was pointed at the wife of a seignior because of another
man, but she has not been caught while lying with the other man,
she shall throw herself into the river for the sake of her husband.
140. If he is a peasant, he shall give her one-third mina of silver.
141. If a seignior's wife, who was living in the house of the seignior, has
made up her mind to leave in order that she may engage in busi-
133. If a seignior was taken captive, but there was sufficient to live on in
his house, his wife (shall not leave her house, but she shall take care
of her person by not] entering [the house of another].
133a. If that woman did not take care of her person, but has entered the
house of another, they shall prove it against that woman and throw
her into the water.
ness, thus neglecting her house (and) humiliating her husband, they
shall prove it against her; and if her husband has then decided on
her divorce, he may divorce her, with nothing to be given her as her
divorce-settlement upon her departure. If her husband has not
decided on her divorce, her husband may marry another woman,
with the former woman living in the house of her husband like a
maidservant.
134. If the seignior was taken captive and there was not sufficient to live
on in his house, his wife may enter the house of another, with that
woman incurring no blame at all.
135. If, when a seignior was taken captive and there was not sufficient to
live on in his house, his wife has then entered the house of another
before his (return) and has borne children, (and) later her husband
has returned and has reached his city, that woman shall return to
her first husband, while the children shall go with their father.
142. If a woman so hated her husband that she has declared, "You may
not have me," her record shall be investigated at her city council,
and if she was careful and was not at fault, even though her husband
has been going out and disparaging her greatly, that woman, with-
out incurring any blame at all, may take her dowry and go off to her
father's house.
143. Ifshe wasnot careful, but was a gadabout, thus neglecting her house
(and) humiliating her husband, they shall throw that woman into
the water.
144. When a seignior married a hierodule and that hierodule gave a
female slave to her husband and she has then produced children, if
19 seignior: This is a free man (not a slave) and could include members of the upper
class.
1'hierodule: A female slave of the temple.
12 mina: A weight equal to just over one pound.
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