II. Essay: Answer what is asked. a. discuss the importance of knowing the structures of microorganisms. b. discuss the different infectious particles and their impact to humans, plants and anímals

Q: Illustrate on a flow chart the development of microbial disease considering pathogenisis and…

A: Microbial Diseases is  defined as sicknesses or ailments caused in animals and humans by the…

Q: (a) Describe how a microorganism may become resistant to a drug to which it was previously…

A: INTRODUCTION Antibiotic resistance in microorganisms Microorganisms can develop resistance to…

Q: Briefly present the most common clinical problems related to the use of antiviral, antifungal and…

A: All the different categories of drugs are associated with clinical problems and adverse reactions.…

Q: Explain the factors contributing to pathogenicity and virulence of microbes.

A: Not all microbes are pathogenic, only the microbes having the potential to cause disease is known as…

Q: Differentiate among the following factors of bacterial intoxification and bacterial infection…

A: Foodborne infection is originated by the ingestion of food including living bacteria which grow and…

Q: Characterize the parameters of microbial death, and describe several factors that infl uence the rate…

A: Microbial death is described as the permanent loss of the reproductive capacity of the microbes…

Q: Differentiate between contamination,infection, and disease. What are the possible outcomes in each?

A: Microbiology is the study of living organisms called microbes which cannot be seen through naked…

Q: a. List the main features of Koch′s postulates. b. Why is it so difficult to prove them for some…

A: a. Koch's postulates: In 1890 the German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch set out his…

Q: D. Discuss 3 routes of entry that disease causing organisms use to enter the body.

A: The locations via which most viruses infect humans can be compared to the enormous gates or portals…

Q: Describe how radioactivity is used in the diagnosis andtreatment of disease

A: Radioactivity is the phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei to form more…

Q: Characterize the parameters of microbial death, and describe severalfactors that influence the rate…

A: To control microbial growth or contamination there are a number of aseptic techniques developed that…

Q: Detail on the Rheological properties of Extravascular body fluids.

A: Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of a material. In which materials deform or flow…

Q: Differentiate between the following and provide one example of each:a. antibiotics and antimicrobial…

A: Drugs are the substances or medicines that have a physiological effect on the organism’s body when…

Q: Define the term pathogen and identify causal agents for a range  of infectious diseases involving,…

A: A pathogen is an infectious biological agent capable of putting its host in a diseased state. They…

Q: Differentiate among the following factors of bacterial intoxification and bacterial infection:…

A: Introduction A bacterial disease of the digestive system occurs as a result of bacterial ingestion.…

Q: Using your knowledge of the biology of bacteria and viruses, explain as to which is more difficult…

A: Few important points about bacteria are given below: Bacteria are microscopic prokaryotic organism…

Q: Explain why antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs are likely to be more toxic than antibacterial…

A: A drug is a chemical substance used as a medication to diagnose, treat, or prevent various diseases.…

Q: Outline and describe, three strategies to identify microorganisms.

A: Three most widely used methods are :  PCR  Microarray based identification  Immunological…

Q: Explain microorganisms, identification and control of pathogens, sterilization, antibiotics, host…

A: The study of all living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye is known as…

Q: Discuss how a pathogen causes an infection. Include definitions for primary pathogen, opportunistic…

A: Organisms become diseased when a pathogen (disease-causing agent) comes in contact with it and…

Q: Differentiate between the following and provide one example antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs

A: Micro-organisms or microbes are those organisms which are of the microscopic size. These include…

Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: Describe areas of the teeth and gums that support growth of microbes and infections.

A: In this question we discuss the formation of plaque and cavities as it relates to carbohydrates.…

Q: State and explain 10 ways the human body prevents infections.

A: It is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites that…

Q: ive a disease-causing pathogen or microbe and answer the following questions. 1. What is the name…

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. These microbes, on the other hand, only become a problem…

Q: Briefly state the role microorganisms play in each of the following: A. Normal Microbiota B. Vaccine…

A: Microorganisms can be beneficial or harmful in many ways to other living organisms including human…

Q: Explain the ways that drugs alter the normal microbiota and the results.

A: The parts of the body like the skin, oral cavity, large intestine, and openings of the urogenital…

Q: Differentiate between contamination, colonization, infection, anddisease, and explain some possible…

A: The terms contamination, colonization, infection and disease are related to the interaction of an…

Q: - Discuss the reasons why the problem of healthcare infections exist and, using named examples,…

A: Health care infections are infections associated with the receival of healthcare for another health…

Q: Answer the following questions :(i) Why should medicines not be taken without consulting a…

A: A drug is a chemical substance of known  concentration and composition which is consumed by a…

Q: Describe

A: Introduction :- A pathogen is an organism that cause disease.  Usally pathogens can enter the body…

Q: Explain the nature of microorganism.

A: The microorganisms were first discovered by a microbiologist called Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek in the…

Q: Classify Antibiotics according to mechanism of action, side effects, indications and…

A: Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by…

Q: (c) State the media components required for Isolation of Actinomycetes and Antibiotic-Producing…

A: Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria and are always found associated with soil. They are an…

Q: Explain the significance of polymicrobial infections.

A: The invasion of disease-causing agents into an organism's bodily tissues, their proliferation, and…

Q: State the goals of antimicrobial therapy.

A: The knowledge of local organisms and resistance patterns plays an important role in the selection of…

Q: Define the following terms: a. respirasome b. antimycin c. CN− d. IMS e. IMM

A: A cell is the structural and functional unit of life and consists of several cell organelles. These…

Q: a. What are some of the sources for “new” infectious diseases?b. Comment on the sensational ways in…

A: Infectious disease is those which passed person to person by insects, secretions like cough and…

Q: Describe the histopathological preparatory steps to examine any biopsies/dissections that are taken…

A: Histopathology is the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen via a…

Q: Give a brief note on Local Anesthesia?  Answer should include all pharmacological studies,…

A: A local anesthetic is a drug that prevents the body from feeling pain. A local anesthetic, as…

Q: II. IDENTIFICATION Identify the following terms/words described in each number 1. happens when a…

A: Oxygen is very much required for the growth and development of fetus during embryonic development.…

Q: Explain each of the following:a. why the clinical signs of infection are notpresent immediately…

A: Infections occurs in the body due to invasion of microorgamism such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and…

Nucleotides

It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). 

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.