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- a. What are the advantages of the glucose peroxidase method of determining blood sugar? b. The principle of spectrophotometer is is based on _____ law. c. Differenciate hyperglycemia from hypoglycemia.8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.according to the following: the absorbance of the blank sample was 0.07, the absorbance of the standard sample was 0.8, the absorbance of the sample was 0.9 and the concentration of the standard sample was90mg/dl, what is the correct diagnostic regarding the glucose level in this condition, if this sample was taken after fasting for at least 8 hours? a. normal O b. pre-diabetic OC. O c. hyperglycemic O d. diabetic
- In the case of vitamin C (in a juice), it is mentioned in the label that it contains 17 mg vitamin C/100 ml juice. Determine its Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) if daily recommended amount is 25 mg. How many pack (each pack contain 95 ml juice) of the juice he/she need to consume to fulfil GDA for vitamin C?3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.In a diagnostic examination of a patient’s thyroid, the patient, who weights 70 kg, is given a capsule containing 10 micro Ci 131I. Thirty percent of the radioiodine is rapidly taken up by the thyroid, whose weight is estimated as 30 g. Given that 1) the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid is 120 days, 2) the radiological half-life 131I is 8 days, and 3) the average absorbed energy in the thyroid is 0.21 MeV per disintegration, calculate the a) effective half-life of the radioiodine in the thyroid, in days, b) effective turnover rate of the radioiodine in the thyroid, in percent day-1, c) mean residence time of the radioiodine in the thyroid, in days, d) time for 90% of the radioiodine to be cleared from the thyroid, and e) committed dose to the thyroid, in cGy
- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this: d) specify the hormone that accelerates this precursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.9. A man has been found unconscious on the street and delivered to hospital by an emergency service. He was very slim and smelled acetone. Blood test results showed the following: [glucose]– 2.8 mmol/L, [ketone bodies] – 40 mg/dL. What are the possible causes of such a condition? Answer the questions and do the following tasks: a) what is the role of ketone bodies in metabolism; b) give an example of situations, when their synthesis is being elevated; c) explain the origination of the substrates for the ketone bodies synthesis and write down the schemes of their synthesis and oxidation; d) explain the risk of ketone bodies accumulation in the blood; e) what could bc the possible reason here for getting unconscious?4. (a) If a 10-mL vial of insulin contains 100 units of insulin per milliliter, and a pa- tient is to administer 20 units daily, how many days will the product last the pa- ра- tient? (b) If the patient returned to the pharmacy in exactly 7 weeks for another vial of insulin, was the patient compliant as indicated by the percent compliance rate? 5. A prescription is to be taken as follows: 1 tablet q.i.d. the first day; 1 tablet t.i.d. the second day; 1 tablet b.id. X 5 d; and 1 tablet q.d. thereafter. How many tablets should be dispensed to equal a 30-day supply?
- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fucl metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this me the Ocuics, name d) specify the hormone that accelerates this preeursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.3. After 12 days of starvation, a man reduced his weight by 4 kg. The doctor prescribed him biochemical blood test to analyze the level of lipids in serum blood. The results showed an elevated level of free fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Explain the results of the biochemical blood test. For that: a) name the main hormone which manages metabolism during starvation; b) draw the scheme of this hormone action on the adipose tissue; c) name the possible pathways of fatty acids usage in the liver during starvation and write down the proper schemes.7. A 35-year-old villager with IDDM was examined in the hospital and assured the endocrinologist that he has kept strictly to the recommended diet during insulin treatment. The screening showed that the blood glucose concentration was 6.2 mmol/L; HbA, level was 11.7% (norm 4-6%); no glucose or ketone bodies were detected in the urine. After reviewing the results of laboratory studies, the attending physician was in doubt that the patient followed his nutritional guidelines. Explain this doctor's query. For answer: a) name the reason for the blood HbA, increase; b) list the late complications of diabetes mellitus and explain the molecular mechanisms of their occurrence.