Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
![**Section 8.3: DNA Replication**
**Power Notes**
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**General Description:**
[Space for a general description of the DNA replication process.]
**Process:**
1. [First step in the process is labeled here with space for notes.]
2. [Second step in the process is labeled here with space for notes.]
3. [Third step in the process is labeled here with space for notes.]
4. [Fourth step in the process is labeled here with space for notes.]
**End Result:**
[Space for describing the result of the DNA replication process.]
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**Identify the Structures:**
1. [Space for identifying the first component of the DNA structure.]
2. [Space for identifying the second component of the DNA structure.]
3. [Space for identifying the third component of the DNA structure.]
4. [Space for identifying the fourth component of the DNA structure.]
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**Diagram Explanation:**
The diagram in the center represents the DNA double helix undergoing replication. The DNA is shown unwinding, with arrows indicating the movement of certain enzymes or processes as they work to replicate the strands. Each labeled section corresponds to different steps and structures involved in DNA replication.
- The helical structure illustrates the two strands of DNA, which must be separated for replication to occur.
- Other elements in the diagram may represent enzymes like DNA polymerase or RNA primers, crucial for synthesizing new DNA strands.
Fill in the blanks for detailed explanations of the processes and structures as part of learning and assessment.
**Note:** Actual identification and description of steps and structures should be completed by the learner, using their textbook or study materials.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F4544c423-9ef5-4f1a-aedf-f0473ee49d75%2Fad365cbb-479a-46cf-b32a-7ae58e679f52%2Fl27x4ts_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
The types of nucleotide bases of the genetic material are the same in all the species present on Earth. DNA strands have four nucleotides bases such as adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T).
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