How does Shafer define "Southernization" and when and where did it begin?

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 "Southernization" (Chapter 8, pp. 263-273), world historian, Lynda Norene Shaffer argues that before there was Westernization (the process in which societies adopt or were/are invaded by Western culture, ideas and values), there was "Southernization," a process involving technological advancement and cultural exchanges in Southern Asia.  Shaffer suggests that without "Southernization," there would have been no Westernization. 

 

1. How does Shafer define "Southernization" and when and where did it begin?

2. List as many technological and cultural advancements that you can find that influenced Southernization. 

3. In addition what were the "tumultuous events" of the 13th century ?

4. Which of her examples of "Southernization" did you find most important in changing the world? 

5. Did India and Indian Ocean societies of the early Middle Ages play a role like that of the West today?

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