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Help Solve first 3 questions with provided information What is the independent variable(s)? Dependent variable? What is the control?

Help Solve first 3 questions with provided information What is the independent variable(s)? Dependent variable? What is the control?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Help Solve first 3 questions with provided information

  1. What is the independent variable(s)?
  2. Dependent variable?
  3. What is the control?
**Experiment #2** From Franca Rossi’s Master’s thesis on “The use of Lactic Acid Bacteria to control the growth of foodborne pathogens on fresh-cut fruits and sprout vegetables”. **Objective:** To determine the efficacy of *Lactobacillus plantarum* on the reduction of *L. monocytogenes* on Granny Smith apples stored at 4°C and 20°C for seven and five days, respectively. **Methods:** Prior to inoculation, the surface of the apples were washed for 15 s in running deionized water, sprayed with 5 ml of 70% ethanol and air dried for 30 min under a biological safety cabinet. The sanitized apples were sliced using a sterile stainless steel apple slicer. The weight of the apple slices was approximately 12 ± 3 g. The flesh of the apple slices was spot inoculated with 20 μL of either the pathogen or 0.1% sterile peptone water. Treated apple slices were air dried at 20°C in the biological safety cabinet for approximately 45 min. Afterwards, 200 μL of either *Lb. plantarum* was spot inoculated on the flesh of the apple slices. Treated apple slices were air dried at room temperature in the biological safety cabinet for approximately 1.5 h. The treated apple slices were then placed in Whirl-Pak® bags and stored at 4°C and 20°C for seven and five days, respectively. Samples were diluted with 0.1% peptone water, homogenized in a stomacher at 200 rpm for one minute, serially diluted, and plated on the appropriate media. *Lb. plantarum* and *L. monocytogenes* were enumerated using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) and modified oxford agar (MOX) agar.
Transcribed Image Text:**Experiment #2** From Franca Rossi’s Master’s thesis on “The use of Lactic Acid Bacteria to control the growth of foodborne pathogens on fresh-cut fruits and sprout vegetables”. **Objective:** To determine the efficacy of *Lactobacillus plantarum* on the reduction of *L. monocytogenes* on Granny Smith apples stored at 4°C and 20°C for seven and five days, respectively. **Methods:** Prior to inoculation, the surface of the apples were washed for 15 s in running deionized water, sprayed with 5 ml of 70% ethanol and air dried for 30 min under a biological safety cabinet. The sanitized apples were sliced using a sterile stainless steel apple slicer. The weight of the apple slices was approximately 12 ± 3 g. The flesh of the apple slices was spot inoculated with 20 μL of either the pathogen or 0.1% sterile peptone water. Treated apple slices were air dried at 20°C in the biological safety cabinet for approximately 45 min. Afterwards, 200 μL of either *Lb. plantarum* was spot inoculated on the flesh of the apple slices. Treated apple slices were air dried at room temperature in the biological safety cabinet for approximately 1.5 h. The treated apple slices were then placed in Whirl-Pak® bags and stored at 4°C and 20°C for seven and five days, respectively. Samples were diluted with 0.1% peptone water, homogenized in a stomacher at 200 rpm for one minute, serially diluted, and plated on the appropriate media. *Lb. plantarum* and *L. monocytogenes* were enumerated using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) and modified oxford agar (MOX) agar.
### Results: The graph displays the mean population (log CFU/g) of *L. monocytogenes* under various conditions over a storage period of up to 7 days. Here is a detailed explanation of the graph: - **X-axis:** Represents the storage days (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7). - **Y-axis:** Represents the population of *L. monocytogenes* measured in log CFU/g, ranging from 1 to 8. - **Lines and Markers:** - Open square line (□): *L. monocytogenes* at 4°C. - Filled square line (■): *L. monocytogenes* at 20°C. - Open circle line (○): *L. monocytogenes* with *Lb. plantarum* at 4°C. - Filled circle line (●): *L. monocytogenes* with *Lb. plantarum* at 20°C. The graph demonstrates how the presence of *Lb. plantarum* and the storage temperature affect the population of *L. monocytogenes*. Notably, the population measurements are accompanied by error bars indicating the standard deviation of the mean. Stars (**) indicate significant differences between treatments on the same storage day at 20°C as per Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). ### Figure 1: Mean population (log CFU/g) of *L. monocytogenes* in the presence and absence of *Lb. plantarum* at 4°C and 20°C during seven and five days of storage, respectively (n = 6). Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean. **Values between treatments on the same storage day at 20°C are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). ### Questions: 1. What is the independent variable(s)? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is the control?
Transcribed Image Text:### Results: The graph displays the mean population (log CFU/g) of *L. monocytogenes* under various conditions over a storage period of up to 7 days. Here is a detailed explanation of the graph: - **X-axis:** Represents the storage days (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7). - **Y-axis:** Represents the population of *L. monocytogenes* measured in log CFU/g, ranging from 1 to 8. - **Lines and Markers:** - Open square line (□): *L. monocytogenes* at 4°C. - Filled square line (■): *L. monocytogenes* at 20°C. - Open circle line (○): *L. monocytogenes* with *Lb. plantarum* at 4°C. - Filled circle line (●): *L. monocytogenes* with *Lb. plantarum* at 20°C. The graph demonstrates how the presence of *Lb. plantarum* and the storage temperature affect the population of *L. monocytogenes*. Notably, the population measurements are accompanied by error bars indicating the standard deviation of the mean. Stars (**) indicate significant differences between treatments on the same storage day at 20°C as per Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). ### Figure 1: Mean population (log CFU/g) of *L. monocytogenes* in the presence and absence of *Lb. plantarum* at 4°C and 20°C during seven and five days of storage, respectively (n = 6). Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean. **Values between treatments on the same storage day at 20°C are significantly different according to Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). ### Questions: 1. What is the independent variable(s)? 2. What is the dependent variable? 3. What is the control?
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