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Hard parts are not unique among animals: many invertebrates create hard exoskeletons and shells for support & protection. However, the major difference between, say, the shell of a snail, and our bones, is what they are made of: most invertebrate shell is made of calcium carbonate while our bones are calcium phosphate. In the space below, please explain why this shift may have taken place.

Hard parts are not unique among animals: many invertebrates create hard exoskeletons and shells for support & protection. However, the major difference between, say, the shell of a snail, and our bones, is what they are made of: most invertebrate shell is made of calcium carbonate while our bones are calcium phosphate. In the space below, please explain why this shift may have taken place.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Hard parts are not unique among animals: many invertebrates create hard exoskeletons and shells for support & protection. However, the major difference between, say, the shell of a snail, and our bones, is what they are made of: most invertebrate shell is made of calcium carbonate while our bones are calcium phosphate. In the space below, please explain why this shift may have taken place.
Transcribed Image Text:Hard parts are not unique among animals: many invertebrates create hard exoskeletons and shells for support & protection. However, the major difference between, say, the shell of a snail, and our bones, is what they are made of: most invertebrate shell is made of calcium carbonate while our bones are calcium phosphate. In the space below, please explain why this shift may have taken place.
10:33 Done Topic 16- Vertebrates & Bone non-throwing throwing For instance, if we look at the upper arm bone (humerus) of major league pitchers from their throwing arm, we can see how bone shape changes due to stress. In the image above, the throwing arm has a thick layer of cortical bone relative to the non-throwing arm. The repeated (and very destructive) motion of throwing a baseball causes repeated muscle action against the bone. As bone is a living tissue, it must heal itself so it thickens up in response to the throwing motion. Why would bone evolve in the first place? · It's metabolically useful: muscle contractions rely on (calcium) Ca² ions. But wait, most invertebrate shells are made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)... that has calcium in it. Why make the switch to Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)? . Most marine organisms acquire their carbonate from seawater. If the abundance of free carbonate was reduced due to changing conditions, organisms may have needed to find another source (Phosphate--PO,). · Phosphate was already present in animal bodies in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). So this may be a case of co-opting something that was already present! But what good is phosphate? · Phosphate may actually be better for internal skeletons. Large, physically active organisms may begin to create ATP anerobically, leading to a build up of lactic acid in their blood (feel the burn!). ·Lactic acid isn't too great for calcium carbonate (even mildly acidic conditions can harm these structures: see ocean acidification). Bones made of calcium phosphate may act as a buffer against lactic acid build-up, helping to maintain internal homeostatic pH. What is the basic structure of bone? Bone is formed by interactions among three types of cells: .Osteoblasts-bone-forming cells Primarily active during development. Osteblasts are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. o In the process of bone formation, osteoblasts function in groups of connected cells because individual cells cannot make bone. A group of organized osteoblasts together with the bone made by a unit of colle ic ucuailu callod tho octoon
Transcribed Image Text:10:33 Done Topic 16- Vertebrates & Bone non-throwing throwing For instance, if we look at the upper arm bone (humerus) of major league pitchers from their throwing arm, we can see how bone shape changes due to stress. In the image above, the throwing arm has a thick layer of cortical bone relative to the non-throwing arm. The repeated (and very destructive) motion of throwing a baseball causes repeated muscle action against the bone. As bone is a living tissue, it must heal itself so it thickens up in response to the throwing motion. Why would bone evolve in the first place? · It's metabolically useful: muscle contractions rely on (calcium) Ca² ions. But wait, most invertebrate shells are made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)... that has calcium in it. Why make the switch to Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)? . Most marine organisms acquire their carbonate from seawater. If the abundance of free carbonate was reduced due to changing conditions, organisms may have needed to find another source (Phosphate--PO,). · Phosphate was already present in animal bodies in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). So this may be a case of co-opting something that was already present! But what good is phosphate? · Phosphate may actually be better for internal skeletons. Large, physically active organisms may begin to create ATP anerobically, leading to a build up of lactic acid in their blood (feel the burn!). ·Lactic acid isn't too great for calcium carbonate (even mildly acidic conditions can harm these structures: see ocean acidification). Bones made of calcium phosphate may act as a buffer against lactic acid build-up, helping to maintain internal homeostatic pH. What is the basic structure of bone? Bone is formed by interactions among three types of cells: .Osteoblasts-bone-forming cells Primarily active during development. Osteblasts are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. o In the process of bone formation, osteoblasts function in groups of connected cells because individual cells cannot make bone. A group of organized osteoblasts together with the bone made by a unit of colle ic ucuailu callod tho octoon
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