Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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d. Draw the structure for the transition state in both steps of the mechanism.
e.If ΔHo overall is negative for this two-step reaction, draw an energy diagram illustrating all of the information in parts (a)–(d).
![This illustration shows the electrophilic addition reaction of cyclohexene with hydrochloric acid (HCl), progressing through two main steps. Here is a detailed explanation of the diagrams:
1. **Initial State**: The leftmost image depicts cyclohexene as a six-membered carbon ring with a double bond. The double bond interacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is represented with a lone pair of electrons on chlorine.
2. **Step [1]**:
- An arrow points from the double bond towards the hydrogen atom of HCl, indicating the movement of electrons to bond with hydrogen.
- Another arrow points from the bond between H and Cl towards Cl, showing that the Cl is taking the electron pair, leaving as a chloride ion (Cl⁻).
- The result is a carbocation (positively charged intermediate) in the middle image, where one carbon of the former double bond now bears a positive charge.
- The Cl⁻ ion is also shown with a negative charge.
3. **Step [2]**:
- The Cl⁻ ion attacks the positively charged carbon atom in the carbocation intermediate.
- An arrow indicates the movement of electrons from Cl⁻ to the carbocation, forming a new C-Cl bond.
- The final product on the right is a chlorocyclohexane molecule where the chlorine atom is now bonded to the carbon that previously held the positive charge.
This sequence illustrates the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes, particularly highlighting the formation of carbocations and subsequent nucleophilic attack.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F60ffc8a6-3a49-4cfd-8d3b-dc840e2f23a7%2Fb1089221-0e7a-46a3-b345-6c0f1ba97c6c%2Fxxtqmcp_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:This illustration shows the electrophilic addition reaction of cyclohexene with hydrochloric acid (HCl), progressing through two main steps. Here is a detailed explanation of the diagrams:
1. **Initial State**: The leftmost image depicts cyclohexene as a six-membered carbon ring with a double bond. The double bond interacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is represented with a lone pair of electrons on chlorine.
2. **Step [1]**:
- An arrow points from the double bond towards the hydrogen atom of HCl, indicating the movement of electrons to bond with hydrogen.
- Another arrow points from the bond between H and Cl towards Cl, showing that the Cl is taking the electron pair, leaving as a chloride ion (Cl⁻).
- The result is a carbocation (positively charged intermediate) in the middle image, where one carbon of the former double bond now bears a positive charge.
- The Cl⁻ ion is also shown with a negative charge.
3. **Step [2]**:
- The Cl⁻ ion attacks the positively charged carbon atom in the carbocation intermediate.
- An arrow indicates the movement of electrons from Cl⁻ to the carbocation, forming a new C-Cl bond.
- The final product on the right is a chlorocyclohexane molecule where the chlorine atom is now bonded to the carbon that previously held the positive charge.
This sequence illustrates the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes, particularly highlighting the formation of carbocations and subsequent nucleophilic attack.
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