Gram staining principle a. Describe the structure of peptidoglycan b. Describe in detail the architecture and structure of Gram negative cell wall structure c. Discuss how Gram positive cell wall is different from Gram negative wall structure. d. What are teichoic acid and their location? Provide the role of the teichoic acid in bacterial cells.
Answer:
a)The crystal lattice of peptidoglycan is composed of two amino sugars that alternately bond together: N-acetylglucosamine (abbreviated NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (shortened to NAM). Sugar compounds known as amino sugars have an amine group (-NH2) in place of one of their hydroxyl groups. An associated chain of four or five amino acids is present on each NAM molecule. The peptidoglycan's robust structure results from crosslinking between these amino acids.
b)The periplasm, outer membrane, and peptidoglycan make up the gram-negative bacteria's cell wall. In contrast to gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria's cell walls are composed of a very thin coating of peptidoglycan that is encased in a membranous structure known as the outer membrane. The periplasmic space, which is made up of a dense concentration of degradative enzymes, a thin coating of peptidoglycan, and transport proteins, is the area between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Three substances—lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and phospholipid—compose the outer membrane. Lipid A, which acts as an endotoxin, the core polysaccharide, which stabilises the structure, and the "O" polysaccharide make up the lipopolysaccharide (it serves as an antigen).
A chain-like structure known as a peptididoglycan is built up of repeated disaccharides joined by amino acids. This disaccharide is composed of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid, two monosaccharides (NAM). A beta-1-4 glycosidic connection connects the NAG and NAM.
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