Glycolysis After digestion of carbohydrates, glucose enters the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, glycolysis takes place where glucose-6-phosphate (a 6C-molecule) is split into two 3C molecules of gly-3-P, producing 2 pyruvates. The two pyruvates are then converted to two acetyl-CoA and enter the mitochondria where the citric acid occurs. 1. What reactions are involved in the so called, energy-investing reactions? What chemical compound is needed to initiate the reaction? 2. Cite the steps in the glycolysis pathway where these energy-investing reactions occur. 3. The conversion from glu-6-P to fru-6-P involves isomerization, why? 4. What stages in the glycolysis pathway are considered energy harvesting reactions? What are the products of these reactions that will prove its energy yield? 5. The conversion from gly3-P to 1,3-diP uses NAD+ and a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the role of NAD+? What reactions therefore are involved in these conversions? 6. The conversion from 1,3-di-P-glycerate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid uses ADP. Why? 7. In a reaction where the enzyme involved is phosphoglycerate mutase, what happens to the substrate, 3-phosphoglycerate? 8. The formation of pyruvic acid (a keto-acid) involves what reaction? Account for the total ATP produced from glycolysis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Glycolysis
After digestion of carbohydrates, glucose enters the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, glycolysis takes place where glucose-6-phosphate (a 6C-molecule) is split into two 3C molecules of gly-3-P, producing 2 pyruvates. The two pyruvates are then converted to two acetyl-CoA and enter the mitochondria where the citric acid occurs.
1. What reactions are involved in the so called, energy-investing reactions? What chemical compound is needed to initiate the reaction?
2. Cite the steps in the glycolysis pathway where these energy-investing reactions occur.
3. The conversion from glu-6-P to fru-6-P involves isomerization, why?
4. What stages in the glycolysis pathway are considered energy harvesting reactions? What are the products of these reactions that will prove its energy yield?
5. The conversion from gly3-P to 1,3-diP uses NAD+ and a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the role of NAD+? What reactions therefore are involved in these conversions?
6. The conversion from 1,3-di-P-glycerate to 3-phosphoglyceric acid uses ADP. Why?
7. In a reaction where the enzyme involved is phosphoglycerate mutase, what happens to the substrate, 3-phosphoglycerate?
8. The formation of pyruvic acid (a keto-acid) involves what reaction? Account for the total ATP produced from glycolysis.
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