Freedpersons and the Job Market 197 FREEDPERSONS AND THE JOB MARKET Freedpersons in the lower class worked at the same jobs as did free persons,74 Construction Work This inscription was found at Beneventum. 236 CIL 9.1721 (ILS 7668) Publius Marcius Philodamus, construction worker, freedman of Publius, built this tomb for himself and his family. Here was buried his beloved Jucunda. Herald This inscription, found on a marble tablet at Rome, was done about 100 B.C. 237 CIL 1.2.1210 (ILS 1932) This silent stone asks you, who pass by,75 to stop while it reveals what he, whose body it covers, entrusted it to reveal. Here lic the bones of Aulus Granius, an auctioneer and herald,76 a man of honor, integrity, and great trustworthiness. He wanted you to know this. Aulus Granius, auctioneer and herald, freedman of Marcus. XTeacherX Mention has already been made of freedmen who became teachers.77 Some had been well educated before their enslavement; some received their education while in slavery. X238 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 13 Staberius Eros was a Thracian who was captured and sold at a slave auction. He was manumitted because of his interest in education." He became a teacher and taught, among others, Brutus and Cassius, so Some people say that he was endowed with such great generosity that during the 74 For example, Lucius Aurelius Hermia, of selection 65, was a butcher. 75 who pass by: see note 2 of Chapter III: also selection 230. auctioneer and herald: see note 11 of Chapter II. "See selections 142 and 228. Thracian: a native of Thrace, a country in the Balkan peninsula. 79 Compare selection 228. to Bruius and Cassius: two of the assassins of Julius Caesar. Although they did not achieve their alleged goal restoration of the republican government-later generations looked on them with fond nostalgia as "liberators." See note 24 of Chapter I and note 84 of Chapter V. 198 FREEDMEN AND FREEDWOMEN time of Sulla he taught the sons of proscribed men for free and enrolled them in his school at no charge. Slaughterer This inscription was found at Capua. 239 CIL 1.2.1604 (ILS 7642) Here lie the bones of Quintus Tiburtius Menolavus, freedman of Quintus, who made a living slaughtering animals for sacrifices, Maid This inscription was found at New Carthage in Spain. 240 CIL 1.2.2273 (ILS 8417) Here lies Plotia (also known as Phryne), a maid, freedwoman of Lucius and Fufia. This memorial indicates her behavior toward her patron, her patroness, her father, and her husband. Farewell. Be well. FREEDPERSONS AND THEIR PATRONS XLegal ObligationsX The tie between ex-slave and ex-master was not severed entirely by the manumission process. Freedmen and freedwomen became the clients of their former owners and could therefore never escape completely a position of subordination. They had legal obligations to show deference (obsequium) to their owner/patron and to provide several days' labor or services a year (operae). This latter requirement meant that the former owner continued to benefit economically from the relationship, although, in turn, he also had the expense of gifts to his clients. 1 Sulla: a brutal Roman general, dictator of Rome from 81 to 79 a.C.; see note 114 of Chapter VII. 12 proscribed men: on proscriptions, see selection 177. On the sacrifice of animals in religious ceremonies, see selection 420. *Plotia may have continued to do the same work for her patron (ex-master) as she had done when a a slave. That is, she behaved well and therefore they have honored her with this memorial. Some owners/patrons flaunted their continuing control over their clients by putting them in humiliating situations, such as serving them inferior food at dinner-parties; see selections 11-14.

Freedpersons and the Job Market 197 FREEDPERSONS AND THE JOB MARKET Freedpersons in the lower class worked at the same jobs as did free persons,74 Construction Work This inscription was found at Beneventum. 236 CIL 9.1721 (ILS 7668) Publius Marcius Philodamus, construction worker, freedman of Publius, built this tomb for himself and his family. Here was buried his beloved Jucunda. Herald This inscription, found on a marble tablet at Rome, was done about 100 B.C. 237 CIL 1.2.1210 (ILS 1932) This silent stone asks you, who pass by,75 to stop while it reveals what he, whose body it covers, entrusted it to reveal. Here lic the bones of Aulus Granius, an auctioneer and herald,76 a man of honor, integrity, and great trustworthiness. He wanted you to know this. Aulus Granius, auctioneer and herald, freedman of Marcus. XTeacherX Mention has already been made of freedmen who became teachers.77 Some had been well educated before their enslavement; some received their education while in slavery. X238 Suetonius, A Book about Schoolteachers 13 Staberius Eros was a Thracian who was captured and sold at a slave auction. He was manumitted because of his interest in education." He became a teacher and taught, among others, Brutus and Cassius, so Some people say that he was endowed with such great generosity that during the 74 For example, Lucius Aurelius Hermia, of selection 65, was a butcher. 75 who pass by: see note 2 of Chapter III: also selection 230. auctioneer and herald: see note 11 of Chapter II. "See selections 142 and 228. Thracian: a native of Thrace, a country in the Balkan peninsula. 79 Compare selection 228. to Bruius and Cassius: two of the assassins of Julius Caesar. Although they did not achieve their alleged goal restoration of the republican government-later generations looked on them with fond nostalgia as "liberators." See note 24 of Chapter I and note 84 of Chapter V. 198 FREEDMEN AND FREEDWOMEN time of Sulla he taught the sons of proscribed men for free and enrolled them in his school at no charge. Slaughterer This inscription was found at Capua. 239 CIL 1.2.1604 (ILS 7642) Here lie the bones of Quintus Tiburtius Menolavus, freedman of Quintus, who made a living slaughtering animals for sacrifices, Maid This inscription was found at New Carthage in Spain. 240 CIL 1.2.2273 (ILS 8417) Here lies Plotia (also known as Phryne), a maid, freedwoman of Lucius and Fufia. This memorial indicates her behavior toward her patron, her patroness, her father, and her husband. Farewell. Be well. FREEDPERSONS AND THEIR PATRONS XLegal ObligationsX The tie between ex-slave and ex-master was not severed entirely by the manumission process. Freedmen and freedwomen became the clients of their former owners and could therefore never escape completely a position of subordination. They had legal obligations to show deference (obsequium) to their owner/patron and to provide several days' labor or services a year (operae). This latter requirement meant that the former owner continued to benefit economically from the relationship, although, in turn, he also had the expense of gifts to his clients. 1 Sulla: a brutal Roman general, dictator of Rome from 81 to 79 a.C.; see note 114 of Chapter VII. 12 proscribed men: on proscriptions, see selection 177. On the sacrifice of animals in religious ceremonies, see selection 420. *Plotia may have continued to do the same work for her patron (ex-master) as she had done when a a slave. That is, she behaved well and therefore they have honored her with this memorial. Some owners/patrons flaunted their continuing control over their clients by putting them in humiliating situations, such as serving them inferior food at dinner-parties; see selections 11-14.