Fiscal Policy) Chapter 11 shows that increased government purchases, with taxes held constant, can eliminate a recessionary gap. How could a tax cut achieve the same result?
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4. (Fiscal Policy) Chapter 11 shows that increased government purchases, with taxes held constant, can eliminate a recessionary gap. How could a tax cut achieve the same result?
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- 8. Using policy to stabilize the economy The government possesses the tools necessary to influence the output level in the short run through use of monetary and fiscal policy. However, there is some debate regarding whether the government should attempt to stabilize the economy. Which of the following are arguments in favor of active stabilization policy by the government? Check all that apply. The current tax system acts as an automatic stabilizer. Businesses make investment plans many months in advance. Shifts in aggregate demand are often the result of waves of pessimism or optimism among consumers and businesses. Changes in government purchases and taxation must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president. Which of the following policies are examples of automatic stabilizers? Check all that apply. Personal income taxes The discount rate The federal funds rate1. The Multiplier and Fiscal Policy: one of the programs to combat the economic effects of the recession and pandemic was the CARES Act passed in March 2020. One of the provisions of the CARES act was a relief check of $1200 per adult and $500 per dependent child. These payments were actually advance rebates on 2020 taxes and so the payments came from the IRS. This tax cut distributed about $300 billion to most, but not all of the U.S. population. Major exceptions included families with undocumented members (which invalidated the whole family, even those who were legal residents or U.S. citizens), dependent adults (which invalidated many college students as well as seniors living with their children). The program was phased out for individuals making more than $75,000 and married couples earning more than $150,000. Which of the following statements is correct about the multiplier effect of this part of the CARES act? Group of answer choices The multiplier effect would be greater than…6. Changes in taxes The following graph plots an aggregate demand curve. Using the graph, shift the aggregate demand curve to depict the impact that a tax hike has on the economy. PRICE LEVEL 130 120 110 g 100 90 80 Aggregate Demand 70 0 10 20 30 OUTPUT 40 50 60 Aggregate Demand (?) Suppose the governments of two very similar economies, economy Y and economy Z, implement a tax cut of equal size. The tax cut in economy Y is temporary, while the tax cut in economy Z is permanent. The economies are otherwise completely identical. The tax cut will have a smaller impact on aggregate demand in the economy with the
- Part A Decide whether each of the following fiscal policies of the federal government is expansionary or contractionary. Write expansionary or contractionary, and explain the reasons for your choice. 1. The government cuts business and personal income taxes and increases its own spending. Expansionary. The decrease in personal income taxes increases disposable income and thus increases consumption spending. The business tax cut increases investment spending, and the increase in government spending increases government demand. 2. The government increases the personal income tax , Social Security tax and corporate income tax Government spending stays the same 3. Government spending goes up while taxes remain the same. 4. The government reduces the wages of its employees while raising taxes on consumers and businesses Other government spending remains the sameBased on this model, the budget deficit leads to in the level of investment and in the interest rate. Which of the following arguments might a supporter of a balanced budget make in defense of their position? Check all that apply. An individual's share of the government debt represents only a small portion of his or her lifetime earnings. Budget deficits decrease national saving. Budget deficits increase national saving. Budget deficits place a burden on future taxpayers. Supporters of a balanced budget claim that the government's budget deficit cannot grow forever, but critics believe that this is not necessarily true. They argue that what matters is the size of debt relative to national income. For example, suppose that real output in the United States grows at approximately 6%. If the inflation rate is 3% per year, this means that nominal income must be growing at a rate of % per year. Because nominal income grows over time, the nation's ability to pay back the national debt than…8. Changes in taxes The following graph plots an aggregate demand curve. Using the graph, shift the aggregate demand curve to depict the impact that a tax hike has on the economy. PRICE LEVEL 130 120 110 100 8 90 80 70 0 10 20 30 OUTPUT Aggregate Demand 40 50 60 Aggregate Demand ? Suppose the governments of two very similar economies, economy Y and economy Z, implement a permanent tax cut of equal size. Investment spending in economy Y is more sensitive to changes in the interest rate than investment spending in economy Z. The economies are otherwise completely identical. The tax cut will have a larger impact on aggregate demand in the economy with the
- GDP $170,000 Taxes $23,000 Government Purchases $31,000 National Saving $17,000 #40 This economy's government is running a budget a surplus of $8,000. b deficit of $6,000. c surplus of $6,000. d deficit of $8,000.6. Changes in taxes The following graph shows the aggregate demand curve. Shift the aggregate demand curve on the graph to show the impact of a tax cut. PRICE LEVEL 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 0 10 20 30 OUTPUT Aggregate Demand 40 50 60 Aggregate Demand (2) Suppose the governments of two different economies, economy A and economy B, Implement a permanent tax cut of the same size. The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in economy A is 0.7 and the MPC in economy B is 0.85. The economies are identical in all other respects. The tax cut will have a smaller impact on aggregate demand in the economy with the5. Fiscal policy, the money market, and aggregate demand Suppose there is some hypothetical economy in which households spend $0.50 of each additional dollar they earn and save the $0.50 they over. The following graph plots the economy's initial aggregate demand curve (AD1). Suppose now that the government increases its purchases by $2.5 billion. Use the green line (triangle symbol) on the following graph to show the aggregate demand curve (AD₂) after the multiplier effect takes pla Hint: Be sure the new aggregate demand curve (AD2) is parallel to AD₁. You can see the slope of AD₁ by selecting it on the following gra (?) PRICE LEVEL 116 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 100 12 AD₁ 10 102 104 106 108 110 112 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars) 114 116 Money Supply Į þ The following graph plots equilibrium in the money market at an interest rate of 6% and a quantity of money equal to $15 billion. AD2 Show the impact of the increase in government purchases on the interest rate by shifting one or…
- 6. Graphical treatment of taxes and fiscal policy The main difference between variable taxes and fixed taxes is that unlike fixed taxes, variable taxes do not vary with GDP The following graph shows the consumption schedule for an economy with a given level of taxes. Suppose the government implements a tax increase through a fixed tax. Use two green points (triangle symbol) to connect the two black points (plus symbols) representing the consumption schedule after the change in taxes. Hint: The new consumption schedule must pass through one point on the left and one point on the right. Hint: The new consumption schedule must pass through one point on the left and one point on the right. 50 Consumption with Tax Increase through a Fixed Tax Consumption with Tax Increase through a Variable Tax + 20 40 60 80 100 REAL GDP (Billions of dollars) The blue line on the next graph represents the original total expenditure line for this economy before the change in tax structure. Use the new…3.3. (Government Revenue) What are the sources of government revenue in the United States? Which types of taxes are most important at each level of government? Which two taxes provide the most revenue to the federal government?