(Figure: Gains from Trade) Refer to the figure. What are the unexploited gains from trade at the free market equilibrium? $25 „Supply 20 15 10 Demand 50 100 $0 $1,000 $1,500 $500
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- 1. Wheat and the welfare consequences of trade:a. [Basic static analysis of trade] Construct a simple model of the (wholesale) market for wheatglobally, and in Australia. Provide a brief but clear explanation to accompany yourdiagrams, and reflect on what access to international trade means for Australian farmers,food manufacturers (e.g. bakeries) and food consumers (i.e. households). b. [Extended dynamic analysis] The market for wheat is affected by the recent unrest inUkraine (“Ukraine war could send...”, 2022). Wheat prices are reported to have increased55 per cent even before the invasion, just based on fears of sanctions and disruptedsupply, as Russia and Ukraine account for a large portion of global wheat supply. Russiais also a key supplier of fertilisers used by Australian farmers. How can we expect this toaffect Australian wheat producers? What flow-on effects might we expect to see in thewider Australian economy? 2. Petrol and the welfare consequences of taxes:a. [Basic…4. Tariffs Suppose Kenya is open to free trade in the world market for wheat. Because of Kenya's small size, the demand for and supply of wheat in Kenya do not affect the world price. The following graph shows the domestic wheat market in Kenya. The world price of wheat is Pw =$250 per ton. On the following graph, use the green triangle (triangle symbols) to shade the area representing consumer surplus (CS) when the economy is at the free-trade equilibrium. Then, use the purple triangle (diamond symbols) to shade the area representing producer surplus (PS). 490 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 460 CS 430 400 370 PS 340 310 280 250 220 190 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 QUANTITY (Thousands of tons of wheat) If Kenya allows international trade in the market for wheat, it will import tons of wheat. Now suppose the Kenyan government decides to impose a tariff of $60 on each imported ton of wheat. After the tariff, the price Kenyan consumers pay for a ton of wheat is $ and Kenya will import tons…1. The following production possibilities schedule shows the quantities of soybeans and oil that can each be produced in Canada and Mexico with one unit of equivalent resources Refer to the table below. Mexico would not gain by producing and exporting oil and importing soybeans unless it received Canada Mexico Soybeans (bushels) 60 24 Oil (barrels) 10 8 O more than 6 bushels of soybeans per barrel of oil O more than 10 barrel of oil O any quantity of soybeans O more than 3 bushels of soybeans per barrel of oil
- 3. Using the graph to the right, suppose the country opens up to international trade, the world price is $40, and the government institutes a $10 tariff on each unit imported. What is the quantity demanded, quantity produced domestically, quantity imported from abroad, consumer surplus, producer surplus, tariff revenue, and deadweight loss? Price 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 50 Comestic Supply Domestic Demand 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Quantity 5004. Effects of a tariff on international trade The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for maize in Burundi. Burundi is open to international trade of maize without any restrictions. The world price (Pw) of maize is $260 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout this problem, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of maize and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in maize. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. PRICE (Dollars per ton) 530 500 Graph Input Tool Market for Maize in Burundi Supply…3. Gains from trade Suppose there exist two imaginary countries, Everglades and Denali. Their labor forces are each capable of supplying four million hours per week that can be used to produce shorts, almonds, or some combination of the two. The following table shows the amount of shorts or almonds that can be produced by one hour of labor. Country Shorts Almonds (Pairs per hour of labor) (Pounds per hour of labor) Everglades 5 20 Denali 8 16 Suppose that initially Denali uses 1 million hours of labor per week to produce shorts and 3 million hours per week to produce almonds, while Everglades uses 3 million hours of labor per week to produce shorts and 1 million hours per week to produce almonds. As a result, Everglades produces 15 million pairs of shorts and 20 million pounds of almonds, and Denali produces 8 million pairs of shorts and 48 million pounds of almonds. Assume there are no other countries willing to engage in trade, so, in the absence of…
- 2. According to the graph, answer the following questions about Pencil Sharpeners. Price of Pencil Sharpeners $24 16 12 4 Domestic Supply World Price Domestic Demand 0 200 300 450 Quantity of Pencil Sharpeners a. What is the equilibrium price of Pencil Sharpeners before trade? b. What is the equilibrium quantity of Pencil Sharpeners before trade? c. What is the price of Pencil Sharpeners after trade is allowed? d. What is the quantity of Pencil Sharpeners exported? e. What is the amount of consumer surplus before trade? f. What is the amount of consumer surplus after trade? g. What is the amount of producer surplus before trade? h. What is the amount of producer surplus after trade? i. What is the amount of total surplus before trade? j. What is the amount of total surplus after trade? k. What is the change in total surplus because of trade?3. Gains from trade Suppose there exist two imaginary countries, Sequoia and Glacier. Their labor forces are each capable of supplying four million hours per day that can be used to produce pistachios, chinos, or some combination of the two. The following table shows the amount of pistachios or chinos that can be produced by one hour of labor. Pistachios Chinos Country (Pounds per hour of labor) (Pairs per hour of labor) Sequoia Glacier 5 8 20 16 Suppose that initially Glacier uses 1 million hours of labor per day to produce pistachios and 3 million hours per day to produce chinos, while Sequoia uses 3 million hours of labor per day to produce pistachios and 1 million hours per day to produce chinos. As a result, Sequoia produces 15 million pounds of pistachios and 20 million pairs of chinos, and Glacier produces 8 million pounds of pistachios and 48 million pairs of chinos. Assume there are no other countries willing to engage in trade, so, in the absence of trade between these two…(Figure: Gains from Trade) Refer to the figure. What are the unexploited gains from trade at the free market equilibrium? IS25 Supply 20 15 10 Demand 50 100 $500 O $0 O $1,000 $1,500 ENG 99+ W ABUS
- B3(Figure: Market for Engines) According to the figure, if there is no international trade, the equilibrium price in this market is: Price 2,000 1,000 500 Domestic supply Domestic demand 1.000 Quantity of engines2. The arguments for restricting trade Suppose there is a policy debate over whether the United States should impose trade restrictions on imported ball bearings: The president of the United States explains that it is necessary to impose trade restrictions, such as a tariff, on the ball-bearing industry to protect workers in the domestic ball-bearing industry. The president claims that without trade protection, there will be layoffs, causing many U.S. workers in the ball-bearing industry to be unemployed. Which of the following justifications is the president using to argue for the trade restriction on ball bearings? Infant industry argument O Cheap foreign labor argument National security argument Employment argument
