Examine the graph below, and answer the questions that follow. a. Indicate the specific events that are occurring at 1, 2, 3, and 4. b. At which area of the graph are sodium ions rapidly entering the neuron? c. At which area of the graph are potassium ions rapidly leaving the neuron? At which area of the graph is the sodium ion concentration higher outside than inside the neuron? d. Membrane potential, V (mv) +50- 0 -50- -70- -90- 0 1 1 2 3 Time (ms) 4 5 threshold Vrest

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.