Even though mutations of aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-4 in the collecting duct have not been described in the literature, if mutationsoccurred that resulted in a reduced number of these aquaporins in thecells of the collecting ducts, how would urine volume and concentrationbe affected? Would ADH be an effective treatment?

Q: The fluid in the glomerular capsular space is similar to plasma except that it contains fewer…

A: Filtration of blood is done by the kidneys. The nephrons found in the kidney known as the structural…

Q: Low sodium at the macula densa will cause what effect?     a)  the macula densa cells to release…

A: The distal tubule cells that come into contact with the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles…

Q: 44. Fluid reabsorption by the proximal renal tubule can be increased by which of the following…

A: Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that forces the fluid out of capillaries. The oncotic pressure…

Q: What would be the effect of an increase in plasma albumin (themost abundant plasma protein) on…

A: Albumin is the most concentrated plasma protein in adult humans, with amounts varying from 35 to 50…

Q: The opening indicated by the black arrow indicates a 'fenestra' or pore within the glomerular…

A: We know that Capillaries are very small and thin blood vessels that are surrounded by endothelium in…

Q: How do symporters in the ascending limb of the nephron loop and principal cells in the collecting…

A: Excretion is a natural cycle, which assumes an indispensable part by killing poisons and other…

Q: Why the urine excreted during the months of summer season is Hypotonic?

A: Urine is sterile by-product containing nitrogenous wastes that is produced by the kidneys. The…

Q: Describe the reason why kidney exchange rarely uses extended cycles that contains more than 3 pairs…

A: Kidney exchange occurs when a donor-recipient pair is found to be incompatible with each other. For…

Q: What are the two intrinsic mechanisms that provide auto regulation of glomerular filtrate? Explain…

A: Intrinsic control is the autoregulation of the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). Urine is formed at…

Q: Explain how urine may become concentrated as it movesthrough the collecting duct.

A: Kidneys are the pair of bean shaped red color organs that are the crucial part of the excretory…

Q: The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and ___ and it restricts the…

A: Glomerulus is the capillary tuft present inside the Bowman's capsule. The process of ultrafiltration…

Q: 44. Fluid reabsorption by the proximal renal tubule can be increased by which of the following…

A: Renal tubule reabsorption of fluid is a complex process that is regulated by many different factors.…

Q: Explain how plasma clearance is used to calculate renalplasma flow

A: Plasma clearance is seen in terms of Para-aminohippurate clearance. It is measured in either L/hr or…

Q: Explain two reasons why maintaining a steady glomerular filtration rate is important

A: The glomerulus is a group of capillaries (small blood vessels) located in the nephron of the…

Q: If the urine sample is delayed for more than an hour, what will be affected by a delay?

A: Urine is one of the biological fluids in the body that is composed mainly of water, approximately 95…

Q: The filtrate is dilute at the start and end of theloop of Henle. What, then, is the function of the…

A: Loop of Henle is the organ of the nephron. It is U-shaped tubule which has ascending and descending…

Q: Is the collecting tubule and collecting duct part of the renal tubule? Is the collecting tubule and…

A: Nephron is the smallest unit of excretion. it is the part of kidneys where actually the urine is…

Q: Contrast the rates of renal blood flow, renal plasmaflow, and glomerular filtration. How do they…

A: The kidneys filter the unwanted material from the blood, and urine is produced during excretion.…

Q: Which part/s of the nephron are most responsible for adjustments to pH and K+?

A: The kidney filters the blood to remove waste products in the urine. The renal functions also include…

Q: What mechanisms link low systemic blood pressure in this patient to the low urine output?

A: Filteration of blood for waste takes place in the kidney' functional unit called the nephron.…

Q: occurs in the interstitial fluid at the bottom of the loop of Henle.  Explain why the low-to-high…

A: Countercurrent multiplier system occurs in loop of henle of the nephron. The system uses various…

Q: How is glomerular filtration rate regulated?

A: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the indicator that describes the total amount of filtrate…

Q: Explain net glomerular filtration pressure?

A: The process of urine formation takes place in the kidney. The urine formation takes place by the…

Q: is specific gravity (of urine) directly realted to urine output volume? like as one decreases the…

A: Specific gravity (SG) is the comparison of density of urine against the density of distilled water…

Q: Explain the formula for calculating the glomerular filtration rate.

A: Kidneys are vital organs responsible for blood filtration. They are bean-like structures in shape…

Q: BLO JUXTAGLOMELLULAR APPARATUS Label the following: Juxtaglomerular apparatus* Granular (JG) cells*…

A: One of the kidney's main structures, the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), is essential for…

Q: Explain the role of the nephron loop, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent mechanism in the…

A: The kidney is a fundamental and most integral unit of the excretory system of the body. The kidneys…

Q: Concisely contrast the role of the countercurrent multiplierwith that of the countercurrent…

A: The kidney is an excretory, bean-shaped organ existing in pair. The nephron is the kidney's…

Q: Explain how various factors affect the rate of glomerularfiltration and identify ways this rate is…

A: GLOMERULAR FILTRATION - glomerular filtration is the first step in urine formation that is…

Q: The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is…

A: GivenDrug reabsorption is negligible.

Q: How would prolonged exercise affect the specific gravity of urine? Explain how this change is…

A: Prolonged exercise affects the specific gravity of urine. Let's see how. Before that, let us…

Q: What evolutionary purpose does hyperosmotic urine serve?

A: When the osmolarity of the urine gets higher than the osmolarity of the blood, it is known as…

Q: Why did the differential renal vein renin test show an increase in the blocked renal artery side…

A: Renal vein renin test compare the renin release from two kidneys. It is the ratio of the measurement…

Q: why micturition is more in winters than in summer season?

A: Urination is the process of releasing urine outside our body from the urinary bladder through the…

Q: Describe the special characteristics of the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop that…

A: The kidney is the organ of the urinary system, and its primary function is the formation of urine.…

Q: Which substances in glomerular filtrate are not normally presentin urine?

A: Ans: Glomerular filtrate: It is the fluids that has been filtered from the capillaries of the…

Q: Describe two factors that lead to greater filtration in the glomerular capillaries compared to the…

A: Urinary System is an excretory system to remove nitrogenous waste from the body. The human urinary…

Q: How does the path of the ureters through the bladder wall minimize the chances of vesicoureteric…

A: The human  urinary system, also called the renal system, is responsible for removal of wastes, toxic…

Q: To control size-determined filtration, capillaries of the glomerulus inside the Bowman’s capsule…

A: In bowman's capsules tuft of glomerular capillaries and the wall of these capillaries are performing…

Q: dysfunctional Na+/K+ pump in the cells of the following parts of the nephro: a. Proximal convoluted…

A: The sodium-potassium pump carries out a form of active transport—that is, its pumping of ions…