Each of the following studies examines the relationship between the quality of breakfast and academic performance for third-grade children. Identify which is correlational, which is experimental, and which is nonexperimental. Study 1: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. Each child is interviewed to determine his typical breakfast, and the child is assigned a score describing the nutritional value of his breakfast. Also, the child’s level of academic performance is obtained from school records. The results show that higher academic performance tends to be associated with a higher level of breakfast nutrition. Study 2: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. The children are randomly assigned to two groups. On arriving at school each morning, one group is given a nutritious breakfast and the other group is given a breakfast relatively low in nutritional value. After 6 weeks, each child’s level of academic performance is measured. On average, the children in the nutritious breakfast group had a higher level of academic performance than the children in the low-nutrition group. Study 3: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. Based on school records, the children are divided into two groups corresponding to high and low academic performance. The children are then interviewed and each child is given a score describing the nutritional value of her typical breakfast. On average, the children in the high academic performance group ate a more nutritious breakfast than the children in the low academic performance group.
Correlation
Correlation defines a relationship between two independent variables. It tells the degree to which variables move in relation to each other. When two sets of data are related to each other, there is a correlation between them.
Linear Correlation
A correlation is used to determine the relationships between numerical and categorical variables. In other words, it is an indicator of how things are connected to one another. The correlation analysis is the study of how variables are related.
Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is a statistical method in which it estimates the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable. In simple terms dependent variable is called as outcome variable and independent variable is called as predictors. Regression analysis is one of the methods to find the trends in data. The independent variable used in Regression analysis is named Predictor variable. It offers data of an associated dependent variable regarding a particular outcome.
Each of the following studies examines the relationship between the quality of breakfast and academic performance for third-grade children. Identify which is
Study 1: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. Each child is interviewed to determine his typical breakfast, and the child is assigned a score describing the nutritional value of his breakfast. Also, the child’s level of academic performance is obtained from school records. The results show that higher academic performance tends to be associated with a higher level of breakfast nutrition.
Study 2: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. The children are randomly assigned to two groups. On arriving at school each morning, one group is given a nutritious breakfast and the other group is given a breakfast relatively low in nutritional value. After 6 weeks, each child’s level of academic performance is measured. On average, the children in the nutritious breakfast group had a higher level of academic performance than the children in the low-nutrition group.
Study 3: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. Based on school records, the children are divided into two groups corresponding to high and low academic performance. The children are then interviewed and each child is given a score describing the nutritional value of her typical breakfast. On average, the children in the high academic performance group ate a more nutritious breakfast than the children in the low academic performance group.
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