In an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski. Participant Before After A 5 6
Inverse Normal Distribution
The method used for finding the corresponding z-critical value in a normal distribution using the known probability is said to be an inverse normal distribution. The inverse normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with a family of two parameters.
Mean, Median, Mode
It is a descriptive summary of a data set. It can be defined by using some of the measures. The central tendencies do not provide information regarding individual data from the dataset. However, they give a summary of the data set. The central tendency or measure of central tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.
Z-Scores
A z-score is a unit of measurement used in statistics to describe the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean, measured with reference to standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores are useful in statistics because they allow comparison between two scores that belong to different normal distributions.
In an early study of the effects of frustration on feelings of hostility, Miller and Bugelski (1948) had a group of boys at a camp rate their attitudes toward two groups (Mexicans and Japanese). The campers then participated in a long, difficult, frustrating testing session that kept them away from their weekly movie. Finally the boys again rated their attitudes towards the minority groups. The scores below represent the number of unfavorable traits attributed to minorities and are similar to those of miller and Bugelski.
Participant Before After
A 5 6
B 4 4
C 3 5
D 3 4
E 2 4
F 2 3
G 1 3
H 0 2
a. Does the intervening unpleasant task alter attitudes toward the two groups? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.
b. Computer r2, the percentage of variance accounted for, to measure effect size
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