Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
Discuss
- DNA Primase – DNA directed “RNA Pol” which inserts nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)
- Primers are oligonucleotides; priming process is the formation of primers
- DNA Helicase – separates the DNA in advance of the replication fork (in E. coli DNA Helicase II); binds at AT-rich region of DNA; ATP then binds the helicase
- Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein (SSBP) – no enzymatic activity; does not consume ATP
- Topoisomerase – alter the supercoiling of double-stranded DNA
- DNA Ligase – nicking of strands done for replication to continue
- Okazaki fragments
- DNA Polymerase – removes primer via 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity; comes again for 5’ to 3’
polymerization activity (closes the gap between Okazaki fragments)
Prokaryotes
- DNA Pol I – auxiliary enzyme to DNA Pol III; repairs damage; capable of excising pyrimidine dimers; polymerization via single active site that can bind all 4 dNTPs; moderately processive; proofreading (3’-5’ exonuclease activity), removal of primer (5’-3’ exonuclease activity)
- DNA Pol II – oligomeric protein; DNA repair; not needed for replication
- DNA Pol III – major polymerizing enzyme; synthesizes most of new DNA; no 5’-3’ exonucleolytic activity; must be associated with other proteins; high processivity
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