Directions :("JUST ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS DON'T HAVE TO EXPLAIN AND CAN YOU TRY TO KEEP THE ANSWER SHORT" THANK YOU )!! 7. Historians disagree on the exact events that mark the transition from the Republic to the Empire but most agree that the war with neighboring Carthage from 264 BCE to 202 BCE (the Punic Wars) was an important factor. Service in the Roman army and status in the Roman state was largely contingent on landownership. During Rome's extended conflict with Carthage two key factors emerged to undermine the class of small landowners that made up the bulk of the Roman army. First, extended tours of duty kept men away from their farms and thus unable to plant and harvest forcing their families sell the land to wealthy patricians. Second, expansion brought a flood of cheap slave labor into the republic which made it difficult for soldiers to find work when they returned to civilian life. These factors, plus falling grain prices, caused a vast number of Romans to fall into poverty. Poor unemployed Romans congregated in cities leading to urban unrest. These poor landless Romans no longer qualified for military service thus decreasing the size and strength of the Roman army and making it difficult for the Roman government to maintain order. 7. What factors led to the decreased size and strength of the Roman army? What were the consequences? 8. While the plebeian class struggled many members of the patrician class accumulated vast personal estates and enormous wealth. These conditions proved ideal for power hungry opportunist who could use their personal wealth to win the loyalty of Rome's poor. Men, like Julius Caesar, built private armies and Rome quickly fell into a series of civil wars that lasted from 88 to 31 BCE. 8. How did the patrician class gain power during this time period? 9. By the time the wars ended in 31 BCE few elements of the republican form of government survived. The vast majority of governmental power now rested with an Emperor, of which Caesar Augustus was the first. The Senate survived only to give advice to the Emperors and citizen participation in government was only allowed on the local level. Rome was now an Empire. 9. How did Rome go from being a republic to an empire? 16. The classical age Greeks and Romans laid many of the political foundations for the modern western world. The Athenian and Roman approach to governance that allowed at least a portion of the population to participate as citizens rather than simply obey as subjects served as an inspiration to the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century. French and English philosophers found inspiration in the writings of the Greeks and Romans during the European Enlightenment and this ultimately led to the emergence of modern participatory democracy. Roman law codes survived in Europe long after the collapse of the empire, serving as the starting point for the development of many modern European law codes. 16. How did the political foundations of Greeks and Romans lead to the Enlightenment and the foundation of modern laws and government? 17. The Greeks and Romans also left a wide and long-lived cultural legacy. Humanism and rational philosophy, developed in Greece and explored further in Rome served as the intellectual foundation of the European Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. It has since become an important element of modern educational systems around the world. This legacy is apparent in the use of the term humanities as a category of study, the endurance of Latin as discipline, the ubiquity of Greek and Roman literature in modern curriculum and the scientific method whose origins are found at Aristotle's Lyceum. This cultural legacy serves as a unifying force in the modern western world. Greek and Roman contributions to science and engineering also diffused to the Arab world where they were key in the development of navigational technologies that spurred the Age of Exploration. The endurance and sophistication of this legacy was a product of Greece and Roman's security and longevity as classical age states. This security and longevity was, in part, a product of advanced technologies developed within these states. Greek and Roman engineers developed technique for the construction of monumental architecture, irrigation and municipal water systems, and roads that contributed to a prosperous and cosmopolitan society. This prosperity facilitated the development of sophisticated scholarship that endured much longer than the states themselves. 17. How did Greeks and Romans legacy also lead to intellectual and technological advancements in post medieval western world?

Directions :("JUST ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS DON'T HAVE TO EXPLAIN AND CAN YOU TRY TO KEEP THE ANSWER SHORT" THANK YOU )!! 7. Historians disagree on the exact events that mark the transition from the Republic to the Empire but most agree that the war with neighboring Carthage from 264 BCE to 202 BCE (the Punic Wars) was an important factor. Service in the Roman army and status in the Roman state was largely contingent on landownership. During Rome's extended conflict with Carthage two key factors emerged to undermine the class of small landowners that made up the bulk of the Roman army. First, extended tours of duty kept men away from their farms and thus unable to plant and harvest forcing their families sell the land to wealthy patricians. Second, expansion brought a flood of cheap slave labor into the republic which made it difficult for soldiers to find work when they returned to civilian life. These factors, plus falling grain prices, caused a vast number of Romans to fall into poverty. Poor unemployed Romans congregated in cities leading to urban unrest. These poor landless Romans no longer qualified for military service thus decreasing the size and strength of the Roman army and making it difficult for the Roman government to maintain order. 7. What factors led to the decreased size and strength of the Roman army? What were the consequences? 8. While the plebeian class struggled many members of the patrician class accumulated vast personal estates and enormous wealth. These conditions proved ideal for power hungry opportunist who could use their personal wealth to win the loyalty of Rome's poor. Men, like Julius Caesar, built private armies and Rome quickly fell into a series of civil wars that lasted from 88 to 31 BCE. 8. How did the patrician class gain power during this time period? 9. By the time the wars ended in 31 BCE few elements of the republican form of government survived. The vast majority of governmental power now rested with an Emperor, of which Caesar Augustus was the first. The Senate survived only to give advice to the Emperors and citizen participation in government was only allowed on the local level. Rome was now an Empire. 9. How did Rome go from being a republic to an empire? 16. The classical age Greeks and Romans laid many of the political foundations for the modern western world. The Athenian and Roman approach to governance that allowed at least a portion of the population to participate as citizens rather than simply obey as subjects served as an inspiration to the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century. French and English philosophers found inspiration in the writings of the Greeks and Romans during the European Enlightenment and this ultimately led to the emergence of modern participatory democracy. Roman law codes survived in Europe long after the collapse of the empire, serving as the starting point for the development of many modern European law codes. 16. How did the political foundations of Greeks and Romans lead to the Enlightenment and the foundation of modern laws and government? 17. The Greeks and Romans also left a wide and long-lived cultural legacy. Humanism and rational philosophy, developed in Greece and explored further in Rome served as the intellectual foundation of the European Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. It has since become an important element of modern educational systems around the world. This legacy is apparent in the use of the term humanities as a category of study, the endurance of Latin as discipline, the ubiquity of Greek and Roman literature in modern curriculum and the scientific method whose origins are found at Aristotle's Lyceum. This cultural legacy serves as a unifying force in the modern western world. Greek and Roman contributions to science and engineering also diffused to the Arab world where they were key in the development of navigational technologies that spurred the Age of Exploration. The endurance and sophistication of this legacy was a product of Greece and Roman's security and longevity as classical age states. This security and longevity was, in part, a product of advanced technologies developed within these states. Greek and Roman engineers developed technique for the construction of monumental architecture, irrigation and municipal water systems, and roads that contributed to a prosperous and cosmopolitan society. This prosperity facilitated the development of sophisticated scholarship that endured much longer than the states themselves. 17. How did Greeks and Romans legacy also lead to intellectual and technological advancements in post medieval western world?