Answered: To determine: The ways by which the…

To determine: The ways by which the exon/intron structure of genes contributes to the generation of new gene functions during evolution.

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter21: Dna, Genes, And Biotechnology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5SQ

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Concept explainers

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.

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To determine:
The ways by which the exon/intron structure of genes
contributes to the generation of new gene functions
during evolution.

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To determine: The reason due to which scientists think that new genes arise by the duplication of an original gene and divergence by mutation.
To explain: The extraordinary mutation resistance of the genetic code argues in favor of its origin as a frozen accident or as a result of natural selection.
. Exon duplication of multiple repeating subunits is thought to be responsible for the origin of which vertebrate gene (coding for what is now the most abundant protein in the human body)? the urokinase gene the plasminogen gene the albumin gene the collagen gene the opsin gene
Suppose that a gene has a mutation that changes one nucleotide. Because of this one nucleotide change, the mRNA produced from this gene has a slightly different sequence compared to the mRNA produced from the unaltered/non-mutated gene. However, the resulting protein produced from both of these gene versions is exactly the same. This type of mutation would be classified as a missense mutation. degenerate mutation. silent mutation. nonsense mutation. frameshift mutation.
In instances in the eukaryotic genome, DNA sequences repre- sent evolutionary vestiges of duplicated copies of genes. What are such regions called and what are their characteristics?
Which of the following contribute to introducing genetic change into genomes? (select all the apply) -Errors in DNA repair resulting in translocations of DNA sequence between chromosomes - Movement of transposons -Transcription into RNA results in point mutations - Translation results in deletion of introns - Random errors when DNA is copied (replicated)
Answer question 23
Suppose that a rare DNA replication error results in the duplication of a single gene, giving the daughter cell two copies of the same gene. How does this change favor the acquisition of a new function by the daughter cell? The copy can undergo a gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutation without altering the original gene's function. The copy has already-formed domains with biological activity, so new functions do not need to evolve de novo. The duplicated gene increases the rate at which the cell can perform the function encoded by the original gene. The two genes can combine to form a new gene that encodes a protein with a new, additional function. The cell can make additional proteins, which then undergo alterations and can give rise to new functions.
Intro. Medical microbiologists believe that overuse of antibiotics in animal feed may select for antibiotic resistant bacteria which subsequently can be passed on to humans, potentially causing infection by these antibiotic resistant bacteria. This is an example of : Biological evolution by natural selection O Enzymes which cause really high mutations rates in the bacterial DNA drugs acting as mutagens Phenotypic drift caused by random mutations
Part B When a gene is duplicated resulting in two copies, there are three possible fates for the duplicate copy Sort each item to the appropriate bin. Potential to generate a new phenotype Most likely outcome for duplicated genes Pseudogene (Nonfunctionalization) 4 Both gene copies are required to carry out the functions of the original gene One gene copy is inactivated due to deleterious mutations Subfunctionalization Most interesting evolutionary outcome for duplicated genes Least likely outcome for duplicated genes Reset Help Neofunctionalization
Explain why genes A2 and B2 in Figure 20.9 are orthologs and not paralogs.
Fill the blank New genes can arise during evolution through: (i) exonshuffling, which can alter the domain structure of proteins;(ii) duplication and divergence that generates gene families;and (iii)_______ mutations in intergenic DNA sequences.