Describes the C4 pathway. Write a 1-2 paragraph narrative discussing, in general, the purpose and steps involved in the pathway. What advantages does this pathway provide for the plant? Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate2-CH₂OPO3²-O=CH+H-C-OH1H-C-OH H+ abstractionCH₂OPO3²-CH₂OPO3²-2-PhosphoglycolateEnediolateintermediateCH₂OPO₂²H-C-OHCH₂OPO²COO™H-C-OH2OxygenationCH₂OPO3²-3-PhosphoglycerateH₂OEnzyme-boundintermediateAldolcleavageCH₂OPO3²HO-C-O-OHH-C-OH3HydrationCH₂OPO₂²1H+2-HO-C-HO-COCH₂OPO3²-2--OHHydratedintermediateH-C-OHICH₂OPO₂²2-Figure 12.50 The products of the RuBisCO oxygenasereaction are 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate The C4 and CAM PathwaysReduce Photorespiration inHot ClimatesRuBisCO, as its name (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase) implies, also catalyzes an oxygenasereaction. This reaction (Figure 12.50) combines ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate with O₂ to generate one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate(C3) and one molecule of 2-phosphoglycolate (C₂). The RuBisCO oxygenase reaction issimilar to the RuBisCO carboxylation reaction (see Figure12.41), except that in this case, the product 2-phosphoglycolate provides no obvious metabolic benefit tothe cell. In fact, 2-phosphoglycolate is metabolized by theglycolate pathway, which generates CO₂ and requires asignificant amount of cellular energy to salvage the C₂ groupfor reincorporation into the Calvin-Benson cycle.

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Describes the C4 pathway. Write a 1-2 paragraph narrative discussing, in general, the purpose and steps involved in the pathway. What advantages does this pathway provide for the plant?

Ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate
2-
CH₂OPO3²-
O=C
H+
H-C-OH
1
H-C-OH H+ abstraction
CH₂OPO3²-
CH₂OPO3²-
2-Phosphoglycolate
Enediolate
intermediate
CH₂OPO₂²
H-C-OH
CH₂OPO²
COO™
H-C-OH
2
Oxygenation
CH₂OPO3²-
3-Phosphoglycerate
H₂O
Enzyme-bound
intermediate
Aldol
cleavage
CH₂OPO3²
HO-C-O-OH
H-C-OH
3
Hydration
CH₂OPO₂²
1
H+
2-
HO-C-
HO-CO
CH₂OPO3²-
2-
-OH
Hydrated
intermediate
H-C-OH
I
CH₂OPO₂²
2-
Figure 12.50 The products of the RuBisCO oxygenase
reaction are 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycolate

The C4 and CAM Pathways
Reduce Photorespiration in
Hot Climates
RuBisCO, as its name (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase) implies, also catalyzes an oxygenase
reaction. This reaction (Figure 12.50) combines ribulose-
1,5-bisphosphate with O₂ to generate one molecule of 3-
phosphoglycerate
(C3) and one molecule of 2-
phosphoglycolate (C₂). The RuBisCO oxygenase reaction is
similar to the RuBisCO carboxylation reaction (see Figure
12.41), except that in this case, the product 2-
phosphoglycolate provides no obvious metabolic benefit to
the cell. In fact, 2-phosphoglycolate is metabolized by the
glycolate pathway, which generates CO₂ and requires a
significant amount of cellular energy to salvage the C₂ group
for reincorporation into the Calvin-Benson cycle.

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Introduction :-

The C4 pathway is a biochemical process used by certain plants to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, particularly in hot and dry environments. In this pathway, carbon dioxide is first fixed into a four-carbon molecule in specialized mesophyll cells, which are located in the leaves

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