17 Describe how ATP is formed (include the terms: electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and ATPsynthase)?18 How many ATPS are formed in electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?a Theoretically, one NADH is used to producemolecules of ATP.b Theoretically, one FADH, is used to producemolecules of ATP.19 Consider fermentation.a How many ATPS are formed?By what process?b What is the purpose of changing pyruvate into lactate or alcohol?c When do our muscles produce lactate?d Alcohol has one less carbon than pyruvate. What happens to the other carbon?e How have we (humans) made use of alcohol fermentation?20 Draw a diagram illustrating how different food sources can be used for energy (carbohydrates, proteins,fats, etc.). Use this entire page. Include all of the following terms: acetyl CoA, amino acids, ATP, betaoxidation, carbohydrates, citric acid cycle, citrate, CO,, deamination, electron transport chain, fats,fatty acids, glucose, glycerol, H,0, NADH, NH,, O,, oxaloacetate, proteins, pyruvate, urea. Note thatsome of these terms are not in your textbook, but will be presented in lecture. For assistance, see:http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/640reviewmetab.html ATP.21 In cellular respiration, the oxidation of one molecule of glucose producesATP.22 The oxidation of one 20 carbon fatty acid produces23 Label the following diagram. Include the following terms: ADP, ATP, ATP synthase, e- (electrons),FAD, FADH2, H*, H,O, NAD*, NADH, O,. Some terms may be used more than once.Cyt ctIntermembranespaceQ

Mitochondria is a powerhouse of the cell and is the main energy producer of the cell. The inner…

Describe how ATP is formed (include the terms: electron transport cn synthase)? 18 How many ATPS are formed in electron transport chain and chemiosmosis? a Theoretically, one NADH is used to produce molecules of ATP. b Theoretically, one FADH, is used to produce molecules of ATP. 19 Consider fermentation. a How many ATPS are formed? By what process? b What is the purpose of changing pyruvate into lactate or alcohol? c When do our muscles produce lactate? d Alcohol has one less carbon than pyruvate. What happens to the other carbon? e How have we (humans) made use of alcohol fermentation?

Describe how ATP is formed (include the terms: electron transport cn synthase)? 18 How many ATPS are formed in electron transport chain and chemiosmosis? a Theoretically, one NADH is used to produce molecules of ATP. b Theoretically, one FADH, is used to produce molecules of ATP. 19 Consider fermentation. a How many ATPS are formed? By what process? b What is the purpose of changing pyruvate into lactate or alcohol? c When do our muscles produce lactate? d Alcohol has one less carbon than pyruvate. What happens to the other carbon? e How have we (humans) made use of alcohol fermentation?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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1a. If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysis and convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents? Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures). Explain in bioenergetic terms how the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis overcomes the large, negative standard free- energy change of the pyruvate kinase reaction in glycolysis. b. C. The consumption of alcohol (ethanol), especially after periods of strenuous activity or after not eating for several hours, results in a deficiency of glucose in the blood, a condition known as hypoglycemia. The first step in the metabolism of ethanol by the liver is oxidation to acetaldehyde, catalyzed by liver alcohol dehydrogenase: CH3CH2OH + NAD+ -> CH3CHO + NADH + H+ Explain how this reaction inhibits the transformation of lactate to pyruvate. Why does this lead to hypoglycemia?
Which of the following statements concerning ATP synthesis is NOT true? a. The open conformation of the ATP synthase is for releasing ATP. b. The gamma subunit in the stalk responds to the flow of H+ and rotates the assembly counterclockwise and thus change the conformations of the active site to synthesize ATP. c. The tight conformation of the ATP synthase is for converting ADP and phosphate to ATP. d. The loose conformation of the ATP synthase is for binding ADP and phosphate. e. Ten protons are required to catalyze the rotation of the subunits so that one ATP is synthesized. Clear my choice
7) The following questions apply to glycolysis (figure 3-41 on page 79 of the 12th edition), the Krebs cycle (figure 3-44 on page 82) and to oxidative phosphorylation (figure 3-45 on page 84). Calculate the total amount of ATP produced from one glucose molecule if: a. The oxidation of NADH + H* to NAD* + 2H* produced 4 ATP. b. The oxidation of FADH₂ to FAD + 2H* produced 1 ATP. c. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces NADH+H* produced FADH2 instead. d. Each step of the Krebs cycle that produces FADH2 produced NADH + H+ instead. e. Sucrose is substituted for glucose.
Discuss how Paul Boyer’s 18O exchange experiment helped to elucidate the formation of ATP by ATP Synthase. Discuss the experimental details. Chemical equations are essential. Discuss the results of his experiments. What did he expect to see? What was surprising about these results? What conclusions did he draw about the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase?
Please answer yes or no and give a short explanation, thank you. 11. Pentosophosphate glucose conversion pathway is the supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive synthesis. 12. All enzymes of glycolysis and pentose-phosphate pathway are in the cytoplasm. 13. The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, up to as much as 38 ATP molecules can be formed.
Describe redox reactions involved in the three steps of aerobic cellular respiration under the following topics: 1. Description of the two coenzymes NAD and FAD and link them to each enzyme in glycolysis; pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle using the backpack analogy that I described in class. (20%) 2. Describe energy harvesting of the electrons and hydrogens carried by the coenzymes in the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis using the battery analogy I described in class. (20%) 3. Describe the steps of DNA replication in bacteria as shown in our slides emphasizing the need for the Okazaki fragments (20%) 4. Describe RNA transcription emphasizing the two strands of DNA and the orientation of mRNA (20%) 5. Describe mRNA translation emphasizing the role of ribosomes and tRNA for two amino acids (20%)
Determine how many ATP are formed in the complete oxidation of 1 mole of succinate. Include the ATP produced during the electron transport chain. Explain the reasoning clearly, and express the answer as a range.
Compare ATP production in the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain, or aerobic respiration. A. Both processes use oxidative phosphorylation. B. Both processes use substrate-level phosphorylation. C. The citric acid cycle uses substrate-level phosphorylation, and the electron transport chain uses oxidative phosphorylation. D. The citric acid cycle uses oxidative phosphorylation, and the electron transport chain uses substrate-level phosphorylation.
You are testing the effects of different molecules on respiration using isolated liver cells that are growing on glucose. For each of the compounds listed below, indicate whether the compound will increase or decrease respiration (measured by monitoring oxygen consumption), and provide reasoning for your answer in two sentences at most. Consider only the early time after the compound begins to exert its effects. a. An inhibitor of the FoF1 ATPase b. A proton channel that enables protons to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion c. An inhibitor of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I of the electron transport chain)
At the very end of cellular respiration (glycolysis followed by pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport/ATP synthesis), a. In what molecules are all of the carbons from the glucose? b. In what molecules are many of the electrons from the glucose? c. In what molecules is much of the free energy that was harvested from the glucose?
HUW Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism. List the ways cells control the flow of molecules through metabolic pathways. Explain the roles of the following molecules in biological energy transfer and storage: ADP, ATP, NADH, FADH2, NADPH. Outline the pathways for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose and compare the energy yields of the two pathways. Write two equations for aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule: one using only words and a second using the chemical formula for glucose. Explain how the electron transport system creates the high-energy bond of ATP. Provide a general description of how proteins are made.
What drives the rotation of the F1 head (rotor) of ATP synthase? a. proton movement from intermembrane space to the matrix b. proton movement from the matrix to the intermembrane space c. ATP hydrolysis d. ATP condensation e. proton movement from the cytoplasm to the intermembrane space