1. The first step in the process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This process creates 2 net ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue repeatedly, NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+. (Note: You may want to review Figure 1 on p. 62 in the lab manual, shown below, and the Fermentation video in the Canvas module to answer the two questions below.) Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net) What happens to the electrons donated to NADH? In a eukaryote there are several possibilities... Anaerobic homeolactic fermentation (Occurs in muscle, electrons donated back to pyruvate) Aerobic oxidation (Electrons donated to oxygen via electron transport chain) Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation (Occurs in yeast, pyruvate is decarboxylated to yield CO2 and CH3CHO [acetaldehyde]: electrons are donated to acetaldehyde to form alcohol.) Pyruvate breakdown 2 Lactate 2 NAD* Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) 2 CO2 2 Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) 2 NAD+ Oxidative phosphorylation (OP) 6 CO2, 6 H20, 2 NAD* (Not all the products of pyruvate break down, CAC and OP are shown.) Figure 1. One of the products of glycolysis is NADH, which is rich in electrons. What happens to those electrons? In eukaryotes in the presence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. If oxygen is not present, then pyruvate remains in the cytosol. NADH then donates its electrons back to pyruvate. If this occurs in muscle the product is lactate (CH,CH(OH)COO-); if this occurs in yeast the product is ethanol (CH,CH,OH).
1. The first step in the process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This process creates 2 net ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue repeatedly, NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+. (Note: You may want to review Figure 1 on p. 62 in the lab manual, shown below, and the Fermentation video in the Canvas module to answer the two questions below.) Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net) What happens to the electrons donated to NADH? In a eukaryote there are several possibilities... Anaerobic homeolactic fermentation (Occurs in muscle, electrons donated back to pyruvate) Aerobic oxidation (Electrons donated to oxygen via electron transport chain) Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation (Occurs in yeast, pyruvate is decarboxylated to yield CO2 and CH3CHO [acetaldehyde]: electrons are donated to acetaldehyde to form alcohol.) Pyruvate breakdown 2 Lactate 2 NAD* Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) 2 CO2 2 Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) 2 NAD+ Oxidative phosphorylation (OP) 6 CO2, 6 H20, 2 NAD* (Not all the products of pyruvate break down, CAC and OP are shown.) Figure 1. One of the products of glycolysis is NADH, which is rich in electrons. What happens to those electrons? In eukaryotes in the presence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. If oxygen is not present, then pyruvate remains in the cytosol. NADH then donates its electrons back to pyruvate. If this occurs in muscle the product is lactate (CH,CH(OH)COO-); if this occurs in yeast the product is ethanol (CH,CH,OH).
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose. Predict the rate of carbon dioxide production that you think would occur if lactose was used as the substrate for fermentation in this experiment. Explain the reasoning behind your prediction.
![1. The first step in the process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, and
NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This process creates 2 net ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue repeatedly, NADH
must be oxidized back to NAD+. (Note: You may want to review Figure 1 on p. 62 in the lab manual, shown
below, and the Fermentation video in the Canvas module to answer the two questions below.)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net)
What happens to the electrons donated to NADH?
In a eukaryote there are several possibilities...
Anaerobic homeolactic
fermentation
(Occurs in muscle, electrons
donated back to pyruvate)
Aerobic oxidation
(Electrons donated to
oxygen via electron
transport chain)
Anaerobic alcoholic
fermentation
(Occurs in yeast, pyruvate is
decarboxylated to yield CO2
and CH3CHO [acetaldehyde]:
electrons are donated to
acetaldehyde to form alcohol.)
Pyruvate breakdown
2 Lactate
2 NAD*
Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
2 CO2
2 Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
2 NAD+
Oxidative phosphorylation (OP)
6 CO2, 6 H20, 2 NAD*
(Not all the products of pyruvate break
down, CAC and OP are shown.)
Figure 1. One of the products of glycolysis is NADH, which is rich in electrons. What happens
to those electrons? In eukaryotes in the presence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to the
electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. If oxygen is not present, then
pyruvate remains in the cytosol. NADH then donates its electrons back to pyruvate. If this occurs
in muscle the product is lactate (CH,CH(OH)COO-); if this occurs in yeast the product is ethanol
(CH,CH,OH).](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fe712f93d-299b-4a80-972d-491fdaae0538%2F5f81f4e3-83db-4ae3-853e-5dc435272c2c%2Fjartxq.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:1. The first step in the process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate, and
NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This process creates 2 net ATP. In order for glycolysis to continue repeatedly, NADH
must be oxidized back to NAD+. (Note: You may want to review Figure 1 on p. 62 in the lab manual, shown
below, and the Fermentation video in the Canvas module to answer the two questions below.)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net)
What happens to the electrons donated to NADH?
In a eukaryote there are several possibilities...
Anaerobic homeolactic
fermentation
(Occurs in muscle, electrons
donated back to pyruvate)
Aerobic oxidation
(Electrons donated to
oxygen via electron
transport chain)
Anaerobic alcoholic
fermentation
(Occurs in yeast, pyruvate is
decarboxylated to yield CO2
and CH3CHO [acetaldehyde]:
electrons are donated to
acetaldehyde to form alcohol.)
Pyruvate breakdown
2 Lactate
2 NAD*
Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
2 CO2
2 Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
2 NAD+
Oxidative phosphorylation (OP)
6 CO2, 6 H20, 2 NAD*
(Not all the products of pyruvate break
down, CAC and OP are shown.)
Figure 1. One of the products of glycolysis is NADH, which is rich in electrons. What happens
to those electrons? In eukaryotes in the presence of oxygen, NADH donates its electrons to the
electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. If oxygen is not present, then
pyruvate remains in the cytosol. NADH then donates its electrons back to pyruvate. If this occurs
in muscle the product is lactate (CH,CH(OH)COO-); if this occurs in yeast the product is ethanol
(CH,CH,OH).
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