Definitions:  energy, metabolism, macronutrient, autotroph, heterotroph, byproduct, producer, consumer   Ch 4.   1) a) What is a “balanced diet” and why is it important? b) Can a person be malnourished and not be “starving”? Explain your answer.   2) a) What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? b) How do they differ in structure? c) Which is healthier and why? d? What are trans fats?   3) What is the role of a) carbohydrates and b) fats in our bodies?   4) a) What are the different roles proteins play in our cells/ bodies?    b) What are essential amino acids?  c) What is a complete vs. incomplete protein?   5) How do animals and plants differ in terms of their main structural components?   6) What primary characteristic determines the function of biological molecules?   7) a) How do enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) reactions?  b) What does it mean that enzymes are “substrate specific”?  c) How are they usually named?   8) Describe the two types of enzyme inhibition we talked about in class and give some example (FROM CLASS).   9) What is a metabolic pathway?  Give an example from class.   10) a) Give two major classes of micronutrients.  b) What are two general functions they serve in our system?   11) a) What’s the difference between fat- and water-soluble vitamins?  b) Which one can you “overdose” on?   Ch 5.  1) a) What are fossil fuels? (why are they named that?) b) Why are they considered a “nonrenewable” resource?  c) Name some renewable resources.  (look at the pie chart of energy use)   2) We have learned that energy isn’t created or destroyed, but is converted from one form to another.  What happens at every energy conversion? (i.e., why aren’t energy conversions completely efficient?)   3) Where does the energy in most ecosystems originate and what organisms are able to harness it? 4) a) What are the different forms of energy and what are some examples of each?  b) Food is what type of energy? c)  Sunlight?   5) In general, describe the global carbon cycle (through what processes is it converted from one form to another and what are those forms?).   6) Name two different types of biodiesel fuels.   7) Autotrophic organisms are found in which domains or kingdoms?   8) The algae are more of an ecological group than a taxonomic group.  a) What unites this group of organisms? (2 characteristics). b) Give an example of a producer in a marine environment.   9) Describe two different symbiotic relationships that algae are involved in.   10? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?   11) Know the overall general equation for photosynthesis & how it relates to the chloroplast diagram posted on D2L.   12) What is meant by carbon fixation?   13) a) What are the two stages of photosynthesis? b)What are the requirements and endproducts for each? c) Where, specifically, does each occur? d) What pigment is involved in photosynthesis?   14) What is misleading about the following statement? “Plants have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis, whereas animals have mitochondria that perform cellular respiration.”   Ch 6. 1) a) What two measures does Body Mass Index rely on?  b) Why isn’t it completely accurate?   2) Know some examples of Dr. Levine’s Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) activities.   3) a) What does it mean to say that ATP is the “energy currency” of the cell?  b) What type of energy does ATP represent? c) Where/what part of the molecule is energized?  d) What is meant by the ATP cycle?   4) Know the general equation for cellular respiration and how it relates to the diagram posted on D2L   5) a) What are the three phases of cellular respiration? b) Where does each occur?  c) What are the inputs and outputs of each phase?  d) Which phase produces most of the ATP?     6) a) What is the direct mechanism of ATP synthesis during the electron transport phase of cellular respiration?  (what is the potential energy source that drives ATP production?) b) Why is oxygen needed for this phase? c) What is the role of ATP synthase?   7) What is the function of coenzymes such as NAD+/NADH & NADP+/NADPH?     8)  a) What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?  b) What pathway do they have in common?  c) How do the byproducts of fermentation differ among organisms such as yeast, bacteria and animals?   9) a) In what two ways (molecules) do animals store energy? b) Where is each molecule type stored? c) Which is long-term? d) Which is used first during exercise? Definitions:  energy, metabolism, macronutrient, autotroph, heterotroph, byproduct, producer, consumer   Ch 4.   1) a) What is a “balanced diet” and why is it important? b) Can a person be malnourished and not be “starving”? Explain your answer.   2) a) What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? b) How do they differ in structure? c) Which is healthier and why? d? What are trans fats?