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D. During normal tidal breathing, the airflow is about 0.5 L s and the pressure driving air- flow is about 1 mmHg. Calculate the overall airway resistance. Estimate the energy required to overcome this airway resistance for a tidal volume of 0.5 L.

D. During normal tidal breathing, the airflow is about 0.5 L s and the pressure driving air- flow is about 1 mmHg. Calculate the overall airway resistance. Estimate the energy required to overcome this airway resistance for a tidal volume of 0.5 L.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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I only need help with part D.
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The text appears to be an excerpt from a physics or physiology textbook on alveoli and the mechanics of breathing. Here's a transcription and explanation for educational purposes: --- 3. **A.** The typical diameter of an alveolus is 0.3 mm. The surface tension of water is about 70 dyne cm\(^{-1}\). The dyne is the unit of force in the cgs system: 1 g cm s\(^{-2}\). It is converted to N by multiplying by \(10^{-3}\) kg g\(^{-1}\) x \(10^{-2}\) m cm\(^{-1}\) = \(10^{-5}\) kg g\(^{-1}\) m cm\(^{-1}\). What is the pressure within this alveolus assuming no surfactant at mechanical equilibrium? Give the answer in __________ mmHg. **B.** Surfactant lowers the surface tension to about 28 dyne cm\(^{-1}\). What would the pressure be in an alveolus with a diameter of 0.3 mm? **C.** Expanding the lungs increases the size of the alveoli and increases the surface area. How much work is necessary to expand the alveoli in a normal tidal volume of 0.5 L when the FRC is 2.3 L and assuming there is surfactant. *Hint: Calculate work either as PdV or γdA; use the change in volume given to calculate dV or dA given that the rest diameter of alveoli is 0.3 mm and that there are N of them.* - **N = 3 x 10\(^6\)** **D.** During normal tidal breathing, the airflow is about 0.5 L s\(^{-1}\) and the pressure driving airflow is about 1 mmHg. Calculate the overall airway resistance. Estimate the energy required to overcome this airway resistance for a tidal volume of 0.5 L. --- For parts A and B, the task involves calculating the pressure within an alveolus based on the given surface tensions, both with and without surfactant. Part C focuses on the work necessary to expand the alveoli, providing a hint to calculate work using formulas related to pressure and volume or tension and surface area. Part D requires calculating overall airway resistance and estimating the energy needed to overcome this resistance for a given tidal volume. No graphs or diagrams are present in the text.
Transcribed Image Text:The text appears to be an excerpt from a physics or physiology textbook on alveoli and the mechanics of breathing. Here's a transcription and explanation for educational purposes: --- 3. **A.** The typical diameter of an alveolus is 0.3 mm. The surface tension of water is about 70 dyne cm\(^{-1}\). The dyne is the unit of force in the cgs system: 1 g cm s\(^{-2}\). It is converted to N by multiplying by \(10^{-3}\) kg g\(^{-1}\) x \(10^{-2}\) m cm\(^{-1}\) = \(10^{-5}\) kg g\(^{-1}\) m cm\(^{-1}\). What is the pressure within this alveolus assuming no surfactant at mechanical equilibrium? Give the answer in __________ mmHg. **B.** Surfactant lowers the surface tension to about 28 dyne cm\(^{-1}\). What would the pressure be in an alveolus with a diameter of 0.3 mm? **C.** Expanding the lungs increases the size of the alveoli and increases the surface area. How much work is necessary to expand the alveoli in a normal tidal volume of 0.5 L when the FRC is 2.3 L and assuming there is surfactant. *Hint: Calculate work either as PdV or γdA; use the change in volume given to calculate dV or dA given that the rest diameter of alveoli is 0.3 mm and that there are N of them.* - **N = 3 x 10\(^6\)** **D.** During normal tidal breathing, the airflow is about 0.5 L s\(^{-1}\) and the pressure driving airflow is about 1 mmHg. Calculate the overall airway resistance. Estimate the energy required to overcome this airway resistance for a tidal volume of 0.5 L. --- For parts A and B, the task involves calculating the pressure within an alveolus based on the given surface tensions, both with and without surfactant. Part C focuses on the work necessary to expand the alveoli, providing a hint to calculate work using formulas related to pressure and volume or tension and surface area. Part D requires calculating overall airway resistance and estimating the energy needed to overcome this resistance for a given tidal volume. No graphs or diagrams are present in the text.
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