The figure shows four orientations of an electric dipole in an external field. For each of the four dipoles, give the angle between the p vector (dipole moment) and the E vector (electric field vector) that is used in the formula for torque: torque = p E sin (phi)  where phi is the angle between the p and E vectors. For example, how do you know if you use theta  or  180 - theta  for orientation (1); do you use  theta  or  negative theta  for orientation 4?

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Electric Charges and Fields

One of the fundamental properties is the electromagnetic property. Charge cannot be destroyed by any process and this contributes formally to the law of charge conservation.