Consider the market for electric cars. Suppose that a electric car manufacturing facility dumps sludge into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the facility. Producing additional electric cars imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $700. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electric cars. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $700 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of electric cars) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 O ☐ 1 O O 0 ■ The market equilibrium quantity is O ☐ 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Units of electric cars) ☐ Supply (Private Cost) 6 Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost ? units of electric cars, but the socially optimal quantity of electric car production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of electric cars, the government could impose a per unit of electric cars. units. of $

Consider the market for electric cars. Suppose that a electric car manufacturing facility dumps sludge into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the facility. Producing additional electric cars imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $700. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electric cars. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $700 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of electric cars) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 O ☐ 1 O O 0 ■ The market equilibrium quantity is O ☐ 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Units of electric cars) ☐ Supply (Private Cost) 6 Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost ? units of electric cars, but the socially optimal quantity of electric car production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of electric cars, the government could impose a per unit of electric cars. units. of $

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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Suppose the demand for an industrial product is given by P equals 300 minus 2 Q , and the supply is given by P equals Q . Suppose that the pollution due to the production of this good imposes a per unit cost of c equals 3 on society. What type of externality is this, and what curve represents this externality being accounted for (social cost or social demand curve)? A. This is a positive production externality. The social supply curve would be P equals 3 plus Q. B. This is a negative consumption externality. The social demand curve would be P equals 97 minus Q. C. This is a negative production externality. The social supply curve would be P equals 3 plus Q. D. This is a positive consumption externality. The social demand curve would be P equals 103 minus Q.
Can you explain why the following statement is false? The efficient level of a pollution-emitting activity (e.g., production of a good) is that at which the marginal external cost of pollution is equal to zero.
Consider the above graph. Is there an externality present in this market? If so, what kind? No, there is no externality. Yes, a negative externality. Yes, a positive externality.
Consider two firms with the following marginal abatement costs (MAC) as a function of emissions (E): MAC_1 = 24 - 2E_1 MAC_2 = 20 - E_2, and assume marginal external damages (MED) from the aggregate emissions of both firms (E_Agg = E_1 + E_2) is: MED = 2E_Agg. To achieve the socially efficient level of aggregate emissions (E*_Agg), the government institutes a cap and trade policy and sets the cap equal to the socially efficient level of emissions (E*_Agg). If firm 2 is initially grandfathered 5 permits, it will buy more permits. (Note: your answer can be positive or negative; if it is positive, the firm is buying additional permits; if it is negative, the firm sells permits. So, for example, an answer of -10 implies that the firm sells 10 permits)
Which of the following policies could help the government achieve the efficient outcome? Check all that apply. Introduce emission taxes Offer a subsidy to consumers equal to the vertical distance between the marginal private benefit curve and the marginal social benefit curve Implement tradable pollution permits Offer a subsidy equal to the price at the efficient outcome Offer a subsidy to producers equal to the vertical distance between the marginal private benefit curve and marginal social benefit curve
Suppose supply is P= ―3 + (2/5)Qs and demand is P= 51 ― (1/10)Qd. Further, suppose that each unit carries a negative externality that costs someone in society $4. What is the socially optimal quantity, and how much would buyers need to pay and producers need to receive to achieve that outcome?
The following is a copy of the information from Question 1: Consider Product NE, which has a negative externality associated with its production and use ( i.e., the “Incidental Cost” ( IC) of each unit of Product NE is greater than zero). You are told that : * The “Efficient” Output of Product NE = 9000 units * The Free-Market Equilibrium Output of Product NE = 10,000 units * The Consumer’s Surplus + Producer’s Surplus on Unit Number 6000 ( i.e., on that one unit ALONE) is equal to $ 70 ( i.e., the sum of CS + PS = $ 70) * The Cumulative Surplus on the first 9000 units produced is equal to $ 175,000 ( i.e., the sum of the surplus( to society) on ALL 9000 units adds up to $ 175,000) Is the Cumulative Surplus on the first 10,000 units ( i.e., ALL 10,000 units together) greater than $ 175,000, less than $ 175,000, or exactly equal to $ 175,000 ? a. Greater Than $…
Consider two firms with the following marginal abatement costs (MAC) as a function of emissions (E): MAC_1 = 12-2E_1 MAC_2=9-E_2, and assume marginal external damages (MED) from aggregate emissions from the two firms (E_Agg) is: MED = E_Agg. Total external damages at the socially efficient level of aggregate emissions is Answer: 1
Public wifi hotspots grant many external benefits on society: more equitable access to the internet, increased educational opportunities, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of public wifi hotspots does not equal the socially optimal quantity. The following graph plots the demand for public wifi hotspots (their private value), the supply of public wifi hotspots (the private cost of producing them), and the social value of public wifi hotspots, including both the private value and external benefits. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.
Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant marginal external cost (MEC) of $75 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (marginal private benefits, or MPB) curve and the supply (marginal private costs, or MPC) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the marginal social costs (MS) curve when the marginal external cost is $75 per ton.
The table below shows the supply and demand conditions for a firm that will play trumpets on the streets when requested. Qs1 is the quantity supplied without social costs. Qs2 is the quantity supplied with social costs. How does accounting for the externality affect the equilibrium price and quantity? Price Qd Qs1 Qs2 $20 0 10 8 $18 1 9 7 $15 2.5 7.5 5.5 $12 4 6 4 $10 5 5 3 $5 7.5 2.5 0.5 What is the negative externality in this situation? Identify the equilibrium price and quantity when we account only for private costs. Identify the equilibrium price and quantity if we are able to account for social costs. Does it make sense that accounting for the negative externality results in a higher price? Explain your answer.
Consider two firms with the following marginal abatement costs (MAC) as a function of emissions (E): MAC_1 = 24 - 2E_1 MAC_2 = 16 - E_2, and assume marginal external damages (MED) from the aggregate emissions of both firms (E_Agg = E_1 + E_2) is: MED = 2E_Agg. To achieve the socially efficient level of aggregate emissions (E*_Agg), the government institutes a cap and trade policy and sets the cap equal to the socially efficient level of emissions (E*_Agg). If firm 1 is initially grandfathered 2 permits, it will buy ____ more permits.