Consider the following ultimatum game. In Stage 1, the proposer chooses a shares of $1 tooffer to the responder. The shares can be any number between 0 and 1 (including 0 and 1).After observing the proposer's decision, the responder may choose to accept or reject. If theresponder accepts, the proposer keeps (1 − s) × $1 and the responder receives s × $1. If theresponder rejects, both players receive 0. Assume that the responder always accepts when sheis indifferent between accepting and rejecting.Suppose that both the proposer (Player P) and the responder (Player R) exhibit inequityaversion as specified in the model of Fehr and Schmidt (1999), with ap = aR = 2 andẞp = ẞR = 0.6 (ap and ẞp are the parameters for player P; OR and BR are the parametersfor player R). Suppose these preferences are commonly known to both players. Use backwardinduction to solve the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium.

To solve for the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE) using backward induction in the context of…

Answered: Consider the following ultimatum game.…

Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach

5th Edition

ISBN:9781337106665

Author:Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike Shor

Publisher:Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike Shor

Chapter18: Auctions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10MC

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Consider a modified version of the ultimatum game, with altruism. There is a pie of size 50 to be split between Proposer (P) and Responder (R). In the first stage, P offers a share 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 of the pie to R. In the second stage, R accepts or rejects P's offer. If R accepts, the pie is split according to the proposed division, with P receiving (1 - x) x 50 and R receiving x x 50. If R rejects, both players receive none of the pie. But players' payoffs are not equal to how much of the pie they receive. In particular, payoffs in the event of an accepted offer are: Up (1x) x 50+ bx × 50 UR = x x 50+b(1-x) × 50 (Payoffs in the event of a rejected offer are 0 for both players.) Here, the parameter b > 0 measures how altruistic players are, i.e. how much "happier" a player is when his opponent receives more pie. a) Suppose b = 0.5. How much pie does P receive in the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the game? (specify the total amount of pie, not the share). b) Suppose b=0.5. What is P's…
In 'the dictator' game, one player (the dictator) chooses how to divide a pot of $10 between herself and another player (the recipient). The recipient does not have an opportunity to reject the proposed distribution. As such, if the dictator only cares about how much money she makes, she should keep all $10 for herself and give the recipient nothing. However, when economists conduct experiments with the dictator game, they find that dictators often offer strictly positive amounts to the recipients. Are dictators behaving irrationally in these experiments? Whether you think they are or not, your response should try to provide an explanation for the behavior.
Consider the following scenarios in the Ultimatum game, viewed from the perspective of the Recipient. Assume that the Recipient is motivated by negative reciprocity and will gain $15 of value from rejecting an offer that is strictly less than 50 percent of the total amount to be divided between the two players by the Proposer. Assume that the Proposer can only make offers in increments of $1. If the pot is $30, what is the minimum offer that the Responder will accept? What percent of the pie is this amount? The minimum offer that will be accepted is S. which represents percent of the pie. If the pot is $100, what is the minimum offer that the Responder will accept? What percent of the pie is this amount? The minimum offer that will be accepted is S, which represents percent of the pie. (Round answers to 2 decimal places as needed)
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Suppose Justine and Sarah are playing the ultimatum game. Justine is the proposer, has $140 to allocate, and Sarah can accept or reject the offer. Based on repeated experiments of the ultimatum game, what combination of payouts to Justine and Sarah is most likely to occur?.
David wants to auction a painting, and there are two potential buyers. The value for eachbuyer is either 0 or 10, each value equally likely. Suppose he offers to sell the object for $6, and the two buyers simultaneously accept or reject. If exactly one buyer accepts, the object sold to that person for $6. If both accept, the object is allocated randomly to the buyers, also for $6. If neither accepts, the object is allocated randomly to the bidders for $0. (a) Identify the type space and strategy space for each buyer. (b) Show that there is an equilibrium in which buyers with value 10 always accept. (c) Show that there is an equilibrium in which buyers with value 10 always reject.
Consider the following voting game. There are three players, 1, 2 and 3. And there are three alternatives: A, B and C. Players vote simultaneously for an alternative. Abstaining is not allowed. Thus, the strategy space for each player is {A, B, C}. The alternative with the most votes wins. If no alternative receives a majority, then alternative A is selected. Denote ui(d) the utility obtained by player i if alternave d {A, B, C} is selected. The payoff functions are, u1 (A) = u2 (B) = u3 (C) = 2 u1 (B) = u2 (C) = u3 (A) = 1 u1 (C) = u2 (A) = u3 (B) = 0 a. Let us denote by (i, j, k) a profile of pure strategies where player 1’s strategy is (to vote for) i, player 2’s strategy is j and player 3’s strategy is k. Show that the pure strategy profiles (A,A,A) and (A,B,A) are both Nash equilibria. b. Is (A,A,B) a Nash equilibrium? Comment.
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The ultimatum game is a game in economic experiments. The first player (the proposer) receives a sum of money and proposes a fair proposal (F - 5;5) or unfair proposal (U - 8;2). The second player (the responder) chooses to either accept (A) or reject (R) this proposal. If the second player accepts, the money is split according to the proposal. If the second player rejects, neither player receives any money. 1 A 5:5 2 F R 0:0 U A 8:2 2 1. Find the subgame perfect Nash Equilibrium using backward induction. R 0;0
Suppose players A and B play a discrete ultimatum game where A proposes to split a $5 surplus and B responds by either accepting the offer or rejecting it. The offer can only be made in $1 increments. If the offer is accepted, the players' payoffs resemble the terms of the offer while if the offer is rejected, both players get zero. Also assume that players always use the strategy that all strictly positive offers are accepted, but an offer of $0 is rejected. A. What is the solution to the game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain or demonstrate your answer. B. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice if player B rejects A's initial offer. If so, then B is allowed to make a counter offer to split the $5, and if A rejects, both players get zero dollars at the end of the second round. What is the solution to this bargaining game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain/demonstrate your answer. C. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice as in (B) but now there…
Consider a variant of the ultimatum game we studied in class in which players have fairness considerations. The timing of the game is as usual. First, player 1 proposes the split (100 – x, x) of a hundred dollars to player 2, where x € [0, 100]. Player 2 observes the split and decides whether to accept (in which case they receive money according to the proposed split) or reject (in which case they both get 0 dollars). But now player i's utility equals to her monetary utility minus the disutility from unfairness proportional to the difference in the monetary outcomes. That is, given a final split (m1, m2), let u1(m1, m2) = m1 – B1(m1 -– m2)² u1(m1, m2) = m2 - B2(m1 – m2)², where B1, B2 are parameters of the game indicating how strongly players care about fairness. Note that the case we considered in class corresponds to ß1 = B2 = 0.

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