consider the following sentences. Your task is to determine whether the corresponding formula to the right is an instance of that sentence. Write “YES” under the appropriate column depending on whether the formula is an instance of the sentence.

Advanced Engineering Mathematics
10th Edition
ISBN:9780470458365
Author:Erwin Kreyszig
Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig
Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
Section: Chapter Questions
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In this problem, consider the following sentences. Your task is to determine whether the corresponding formula to the right is an instance of that sentence. Write “YES” under the appropriate column depending on whether the formula is an instance of the sentence.

(The image with the chart is the question)

(The other image is just formulas if your not familiar with this)

We are now in a position do describe quantified relational logic
for one or two place relations only. Remember that to specify a
logic I need to tell you (1) the formal symbols, (2) the
transformation rules, and (3) closure condition.
The formal symbols are:
· a, b, c, . . . , m, n, . . . as constant symbols for terms. A term is
anything in a theory or language that can be given a proper
name or an object that can be identified uniquely.
- x, y, z as symbols for variables, which range over terms.
- Upper case letters P, Q, R, S, T, . . . , A, B, C, D, . . . , M, . . . of
alphabet as symbols for relations (on two place
the
only).
- Truth-functional connectives: V, ^, , , ↔
- Quantifiers: V
- Brackets: ( for left bracket and ) for right bracket.
In order to talk about formulas at a meta-level we use the
symbols F, G and H.
The transformation rules for quantified relational logic are:
1. For any predicate symbol P and for any two place relation
symbol R, given any constants a or b or any variables x or y,
Pa, Px, Rab, Rxy are formulas. In Px and Rxy formulas, x and
y are said to "free" variables because there are no quantifiers to
which they are bound.
2. If F is a formula by Rule 1 and if x is a free variable in F, then
3x F is a formula and Vx F is a formula. Rule 2 is known as
binding any free variable x in F by a quantifier.
A formula F formed by either rule 1 and 2 is called an atomic
formula.
3. If F and G are atomic formulas, then -F, (F v G), (F ^ G),
· G) and (F ↔ G) are complex formulas.
(F
4. If H is a complex formula, then the result of binding any free
variable in H is a formula.
Transcribed Image Text:We are now in a position do describe quantified relational logic for one or two place relations only. Remember that to specify a logic I need to tell you (1) the formal symbols, (2) the transformation rules, and (3) closure condition. The formal symbols are: · a, b, c, . . . , m, n, . . . as constant symbols for terms. A term is anything in a theory or language that can be given a proper name or an object that can be identified uniquely. - x, y, z as symbols for variables, which range over terms. - Upper case letters P, Q, R, S, T, . . . , A, B, C, D, . . . , M, . . . of alphabet as symbols for relations (on two place the only). - Truth-functional connectives: V, ^, , , ↔ - Quantifiers: V - Brackets: ( for left bracket and ) for right bracket. In order to talk about formulas at a meta-level we use the symbols F, G and H. The transformation rules for quantified relational logic are: 1. For any predicate symbol P and for any two place relation symbol R, given any constants a or b or any variables x or y, Pa, Px, Rab, Rxy are formulas. In Px and Rxy formulas, x and y are said to "free" variables because there are no quantifiers to which they are bound. 2. If F is a formula by Rule 1 and if x is a free variable in F, then 3x F is a formula and Vx F is a formula. Rule 2 is known as binding any free variable x in F by a quantifier. A formula F formed by either rule 1 and 2 is called an atomic formula. 3. If F and G are atomic formulas, then -F, (F v G), (F ^ G), · G) and (F ↔ G) are complex formulas. (F 4. If H is a complex formula, then the result of binding any free variable in H is a formula.
Sentence
3x Lxx
hxThExE
3x³y Lxy
3x Lax
3xLxa
VxLxx
3xLxy
Lab
3x Lax
Laa
3x Lxx
Formula
Lab
3xLxa
By Lby
Laa
Laa
Lba
Lxb
Lab
Laa
Laa
Lbc
Vzy(Lzz → Lyx) || y(Laa → Lyx)
Vzy(Lzy → Lyz)
(Lab→ Lba)
VzVy(Lzy → Lyz)
(Lab→ Lba)
3zVy(Lzy → Lyz)
(Lbb → Lba)
zy(Lzy → Lyz)
(Lab→ Lba)
Vzy (Lzz → Lyy)
(Laa → Lba)
Vzy (Lyz Lzz)
(Lab → Lbb)
Vyz(Lzz → Lzy)
(Laa → Lba)
Vzy (Lyy → Lzy)
(Lbb → Lba)
Instance Not an instance
Transcribed Image Text:Sentence 3x Lxx hxThExE 3x³y Lxy 3x Lax 3xLxa VxLxx 3xLxy Lab 3x Lax Laa 3x Lxx Formula Lab 3xLxa By Lby Laa Laa Lba Lxb Lab Laa Laa Lbc Vzy(Lzz → Lyx) || y(Laa → Lyx) Vzy(Lzy → Lyz) (Lab→ Lba) VzVy(Lzy → Lyz) (Lab→ Lba) 3zVy(Lzy → Lyz) (Lbb → Lba) zy(Lzy → Lyz) (Lab→ Lba) Vzy (Lzz → Lyy) (Laa → Lba) Vzy (Lyz Lzz) (Lab → Lbb) Vyz(Lzz → Lzy) (Laa → Lba) Vzy (Lyy → Lzy) (Lbb → Lba) Instance Not an instance
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