Answered: Concept Map Try putting the words in…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Question

100%

Concept Map

Try putting the words in bold font in the "explain section (pages 13-14) into perspective. Relate all the said words you have read in the "explain" section altogether by doing a concept map.

Another assay included in the renal function panel include the BUA, which is a
product of purine nucleic acids. BUA is usually measured to detect kidney dysfunction, to
detect presence of renal stone (renal calculi), and for diagnosis/ monitoring of gout.
Liver function tests, also referred to as the hepatic panel, are group of blood tests that
provide health information about a patient's liver state. These tests include Bilirubin and liver
enzyme tests (AST, ALT, GGT).
Bilirubin is a yellow-colored pigment and is a product of hemoglobin (heme)
breakdown. Bilirubin testing include determining the levels of total bilirubin (TB),
unconjugated/ indirect bilirubin (B1), and conjugated/ direct bilirubin (B2).
The liver enzymes that are commonly measured to assess hepatic function include
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , and gamma-glutamyl
transferase (GGT).
Liver Enzyme
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic
Transaminase (SGOT)
Formerly
Transaminase (SGPT)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) Useful in the diagnosis of chronic alcoholism
|resulting in liver damage.
NOTE: if ALT and AST are found together in elevated amounts in the blood, liver damage is
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
called
Serum
Glutamic
Pyruvic
most likely present.
Also offered as routine service in the Clinical Chemistry section is the performance of
the Cardiac Function Tests. It includes Iroponin test, Myoglobin test, and Cardiac Enzyme
tests.
Troponins are regulatory proteins in the cardiac muscles. Troponin testing is
considered to be the most specific test for myocardial damage. Isoforms of troponin include
Troponin I and Troponin T which are both specific to the myocardium of the heart.
On the other hand, myoglobin is a pigment found in muscle tissues. It is not as specific
as troponin because it is found in both skeletal tissues and cardiac tissues.
Enzymes that are often measured to assess cardiac function include Creatine Kinase-
MB (CK-MB), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). Of the
three mentioned enzyme markers, CK-MB is the most specific to the heart.

Transcribed Image Text:EXPLAIN: ROUTINE TESTS IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION Blood sugar testing is one of the most commonly performed assays in the Clinical Chemistry section. This test is ordered by physicians to detect hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states. Hyperglycemic state refers to an increased level of blood glucose (blood sugar) while hypoglycemic state refers to low level of blood glucose(blood sugar). Blood sugar testing can be in the form of determining RBS (random blood sugar), FBS (fasting blood sugar), or performance of OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test). Random Blood Sugar test measures the levels of glucose in the blood at any given point in the day. In contrast, Fasting Blood Sugar test prohibits the patient to eat and drink any liquids other than water for at least eight hours before collection of blood. OGTT is often requested by physicians for pregnant patients to rule out or confirm diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. NOTE: HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) is also known as Glycated hemoglobin or Glycosylated hemoglobin Another laboratory test that is often used for evaluating blood glucose (blood sugar) level is the HBA1C (Hemoglobin A1lc) test. It reflects the average blood glucose levels of the patient over a three-month period. The Lipid Profile Tests are also considered as routine services in the Clinical Chemistry section. It involves a combination of tests conducted together to check for any risks of cardiovascular diseases. Blood lipid profile testing include determining the concentrations of (a) fatty acid, (b) cholesterol, and (c) lipoprotein levels. Fatty acids are the simplest form of lipid but are not uSually measured in the clinical laboratory. Triglycerides, on the other hand, is the storage form of fat. Elevated triglyceride levels are observed in obese or diabetic patients and are associated with heart diseases. Cholesterol is a steroid alcohol and is the precursor of hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts. Lipoproteins are special particles made up of fats and proteins. Lipoproteins are often described as carriers of cholesterol and triglycerides. The lipoproteins that are commonly measured in the clinical chemistry section are (a) Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), (b) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), (c) Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and (d) Chylomicrons. LDL, also known as the "bad cholesterol", transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues. In contrast, HDL is also referred to as the "good cholesterol". HDL transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for metabolism. Once transported by HDL, cholesterol is then broken down by the liver. Chylomicrons transport exogenous triglycerides (triglycerides coming from diet) to the muscles and adipocytes. VLDL, on the other hand, is responsible for transporting endogenous triglycerides. Renal Function Tests are also included in the routine services offered by the Clinical Chemistry section. It includes Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Blood Uric acid (BUA) testing. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism that is elevated in impaired renal function. BUN is a waste product of protein catabolism that is also elevated in cases of kidney diseases. Elevation of BUN is termed as Azotemia. If azotemia is accompanied by renal failure, it is called as Uremia.

Expert Solution