Subject : General Biology 2 *Evolutionary Relationships of Humans to Other Vertebrates* Determine the Evolutionary Relationship of Human to Other Primates and Vertebrates using a Phylogenetic Tree **pls the handwriting, pls be readable i have terrible eye sight huhu thank you* *pls just don't copy the answers in the internet, i know how to used google so i used this app to have a unique and non plagiarized answer thank you* (experience this things in this app :< so i kinda traumatized)
Subject : General Biology 2 *Evolutionary Relationships of Humans to Other Vertebrates* Determine the Evolutionary Relationship of Human to Other Primates and Vertebrates using a Phylogenetic Tree **pls the handwriting, pls be readable i have terrible eye sight huhu thank you* *pls just don't copy the answers in the internet, i know how to used google so i used this app to have a unique and non plagiarized answer thank you* (experience this things in this app :< so i kinda traumatized)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Subject : General Biology 2
*Evolutionary Relationships of Humans to
Other Vertebrates*
Determine the Evolutionary Relationship of Human to Other Primates and
Vertebrates using a Phylogenetic Tree
**pls the handwriting, pls be readable i have terrible eye sight huhu thank you*
*pls just don't copy the answers in the internet, i know how to used google so i used this app to have a unique and non plagiarized answer thank you*
(experience this things in this app :< so i kinda traumatized)

Transcribed Image Text:and D, for example. That's because the tree's horizontal axis doesn't reflect time
directly. As a result, we can only compare the timing of branching events that happen
on the same lineage (the same direct line from the tree's root), not those that happen
on different lineages.
Determine the Evolutionary Relationship of Human to Other Primates and
Vertebrates using a Phylogenetic Tree
New
World
Old
World
Apes
and
humans
Lemurs Lorises
Tarsiers
monkeys
monkeys
last common ancestor
of all monkeys, apes,
and humans
last common ancestor
of all tarsiers, monkeys, apes,
and humans
last common ancestor of all primates
Figure 4
Image Source: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/media_colorbox/2967/media_original/en
In the figure above, the phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships
between humans and other living primates. In this figure, it is very useful to identify
a monophyletic group. Monophyletic ("one-tribe-origin") or monophylogeny
describes a group of organisms that are classified in the same taxon (group of one
or more populations of an organism or organisms forming a unit) and share the most
common recent ancestor (MCRA). Moreover, a monophyletic taxon is also commonly
known as a “clade". A sample monophyletic group of monkeys, apes, humans, and
their last common ancestor (red dot) is highlighted in yellow. However, a second
potential monophyletic group could include those in yellow as well as the tarsiers
and the last common ancestor of this larger group (blue dot).
A clade
A clade
Figure 5 Diagram showing a clade
Image source: Clades (1 of 2) Definition (berkeley.edu)
NG PASIC
Not a clade
PASIG CIT
Not a clade
1573
KALAKHA
MAYNILA
UNGSOD

Transcribed Image Text:OF PASIG CIT
Figure 5 shows the clade in a phylogenetic tree. A clade is a group who shares
a common ancestor and all of their descendants (both living and extinct). It's simple
to say whether a group of lineages forms a clade using a phylogeny. Consider
excluding a single branch from the phylogeny; the species on that branch form a
clade.
It is well established that siblings are more alike than cousins, which is due
to the fact that siblings have a more recent shared ancestor (parents) than cousins
(grandparents). Similarly, the greater resemblance between humans and
chimpanzees than between humans and plants is interpreted as proof that humans
and chimpanzees share a shared ancestor that is much more recent than humans
and plants. In this sense, morphological features such as eyes and skeletal structure
are considered similar.
Humans
179 (169)
Homo sapiens (n=9)
61 (60)
23 (23)
Chimpanzees
Pan troglodytes (n=24)
204 (181)
61 (57)
Bonobos
29 (28)
Pan paniscus (n=13)
234 (200)
Gorillas
76 (74)
Gorilla gorilla (n=23)
Gorilla beringei (n=3)
42 (41)
Orangutans
834 (549)
Pongo abelii (n=5)
Pongo pygmaeus (n=5)
253 (211)
141 (126)
Figure 6
Image Source: https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/the-naked-apes-unique-micrornas-may-have-
contributed-to-human-evolution/
Figure 6 shows the phylogenetic tree of the Hominidae family indicating that
chimpanzees, as well as bonobos are our closest living relatives based on the analysis
of miRNAs (microRNA) from the family of great apes. The number of species-specific
nucleotide substitutions in the precursor (dark grey), mature (light grey), and seed
(white) miRNA regions along the great ape phylogeny since the break with humans
(or with chimpanzees in the case of humans) are shown in boxes. In parentheses,
the cumulative number of miRNAs in which these changes occur. Due to data quality
issues, no species-specific nucleotide substitutions for bonobos (Pan paniscus) or
gorillas (Gorilla beringei) were considered (as cited by Gallego and colleagues).
NG PASIC
GSOD
YNILA
CALARHAN
NOISIAO
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