Complete each of the following statements below using the figure below. NaOH a. In the above reaction, [Select ] is the nucleophile. b. In the above reaction, [ Select ] is the electrophile. is the leaving group. C. In the above reaction, [Select ] [ Select ] Y mechanism. C. The above reaction should proceed via an
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
![## Chemistry Exercise: Identifying Reaction Components
Complete each of the following statements below using the figure provided.
**Chemical Reaction:**
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}(\text{Cl})\text{CH}_3 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \]
### Questions
1. In the above reaction, [Select] is the nucleophile.
2. In the above reaction, [Select] is the electrophile.
3. In the above reaction, [Select] is the leaving group.
4. The above reaction should proceed via an [Select] mechanism.
### Explanation of the Figure
The figure shows a chemical reaction where a chlorine-substituted alkane reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Here's a detailed description of each component in the reaction:
- The first component is a chlorinated alkane represented as:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}(\text{Cl})\text{CH}_3 \]
- The second component shown is sodium hydroxide, written as:
\[ \text{NaOH} \]
An arrow indicates that a chemical reaction occurs between the two substances.
### Dropdown Selections
- For the first statement, the options are likely:
- NaOH (hydroxide ion)
- Chlorinated alkane
- For the second statement, the options are likely:
- NaOH (hydroxide ion)
- Chlorinated alkane
- For the third statement, the options are likely:
- Cl^- (chloride ion)
- H_2O (water)
- For the fourth statement, the options are likely:
- SN1 mechanism
- SN2 mechanism
This exercise is aimed at helping students identify the roles of different components in a chemical reaction, such as the nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group, and to determine the type of mechanism the reaction follows (e.g., SN1 or SN2).](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb00ff254-c89e-4d98-9f37-4465f02914e3%2F91be63d9-2088-4781-9a16-0448590f3173%2Fb8i4dce_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![**Educational Website Content: Understanding Reaction Mechanisms**
---
**Complete each of the following statements below using the figure provided.**
![Chemical Reaction Diagram]
**Figure: Reaction of a chlorobutane compound with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).**
Chemical Equation:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_\text{Cl}\text{CH}_3 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \]
**Questions:**
a. In the above reaction, [ Select ] is the nucleophile.
b. In the above reaction, [ Select ] is the electrophile.
c. In the above reaction, [ Select ] is the leaving group.
d. The above reaction shows an [ Select ] mechanism.
**Dropdown Options:**
- Cl
- CH₃CH₂CHCH₃
- Na
- OH
---
**Explanation:**
- The diagram illustrates a chemical reaction where a chlorobutane molecule reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
- There are several statements (a, b, c, and d) that require selection of the correct term from a dropdown menu to correctly identify the nucleophile, electrophile, leaving group, and the type of mechanism in the reaction.
**Key Terms:**
- **Nucleophile:** A chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.
- **Electrophile:** A chemical species that accepts an electron pair to form a chemical bond.
- **Leaving Group:** An atom or group that can depart with an electron pair during a chemical reaction.
- **Mechanism:** The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.
---
This exercise will help enhance understanding of the roles different molecules play in chemical reactions and the type of reaction mechanism involved.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb00ff254-c89e-4d98-9f37-4465f02914e3%2F91be63d9-2088-4781-9a16-0448590f3173%2Fdka49v_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
