Compared to observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, experimental studies like RCTs are better at establishing causality. True False
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Compared to observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, experimental studies like RCTs are better at establishing causality.
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- What is the observational study design used in the study Objective: We evaluated the associations of long-term changes in consumption of sugary beverages (including sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) with subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods: We followed up 76,531 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2012), 81,597 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2013), and 34,224 men in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Changes in beverage consumption (in 8-ounce servings/day) were calculated from food frequency questionnaires administered every 4 years. Results: During 2,783,210 person-years of follow-up, we documented 11,906 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for BMI and initial and changes in diet and lifestyle covariates, increasing total sugary beverage intake (including both sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices) by >0.50 serving/day over a…state whether the investigation in question is an observational study or a designed experiment. Justify your answer in each case. Do Left-Handers Die Earlier? According to a study published in the Journal of the American Public Health Association,lefthanded people do not die at an earlier age than right-handed people, contrary to the conclusion of a highly publicized report done 2 years earlier. The investigation involved a 6-year study of 3800 people in East Boston older than age 65.Researchers at Harvard University and the National Institute of Aging found that the “lefties” and “righties” died at exactly the same rate. “There was no difference, period,” said Dr. J. Guralnik, an epidemiologist at the institute and one of the coauthors of the report.Read through this scenario and look at the data that was collected. State the null and all possible research hypotheses. Review the results below (I used SPSS) and answer the questions that follow. Scenario: A researcher wants to see if gender and / or income affects the total amount of help given to a stranger who is sitting on the side of a busy road with a sign asking for help. The independent variables are gender, income, and the interaction of gender and income. The dependent variable is total help. He wants to know if one or both factors – or the interaction of the two - affects the total amount of help offered. Because he is analyzing two independent variables (gender and income), he used a factorial ANOVA. His results show the main effect of each of the independent variables on the dependent variable (total help) and the interaction effect. The researcher is using a 95% confidence interval which means that he wants to be at least 95% sure that his independent variables…
- The consumption of caffeine has become an increasingly important concern to consumers, because research has suggested that caffeine may be associated with birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other health problems. Federal FDA scientists have conducted studies to assess the possible association between caffeine and these various health problems. Although many results have been inconclusive with regard to implicating caffeine as a cause for such health problems, the consumption of caffeine in moderation seems to be important (FDA Consumer, Dec 1987/Jan 1988). One FDA study found that the distribution of the amount of caffeine in a 12-ounce can of a specific brand and variety of cola (Coke Classic) had a mound-shaped (normal) distribution with a mean of 19 milligrams (mg) and a standard deviation of 2 mg. Based on this study, where can you expect about 95% of the caffeine measurements for 12-ounce cans of Coke Classic to fall? a.at least 19 mg. b.between 15 and 23 mg.…The same media consultants decided to continue their investigation of the focal relationship between income and TV viewing habits. In order to confirm the existence of the focal relationship, they decided to control for immigration status by adding a variable measuring the number of each survey respondent's grandparents who were born outside the U.S. The researchers wonder if immigration background could influence both income and TV watching (but they hope this is not true, because it could invalidate the focal relationship). The researchers conduct a multivariate regression by adding a measure of number of grandparents born outside the U.S. to the regression equation presented in Equation 1 of Table 1. The results of the second regression equation are presented in Equation 2 of Table 1. ]]Table 1. OLS Regression Coefficients Representing Influence of Income and Control Variables on Number of Hours of TV Watched per Day Equation 1 Equation 2 Equation 3 Annual…Your company would like to test a new display for its Ritz Crackers. The new display will contain a “talking cracker” so that when customers walk by it talks to them. Explain how you would set up a causal experiment to test whether this new talking display produces (causes) higher sales than the old display. You might want to diagram this experiment. Also mention whether you are employing a laboratory or field experiment. Also point out potential problems with this experiment.
- Whenever a two-factor experiment results in a significant interaction, you should be cautious about interpreting the main effects because an interaction can distort, conceal, or exaggerate the main effects of the individual factors. True FalseAn industrial/organizational psychologist has been consulting with a company that runs weekend job-seeking workshops for the unemployed. She collected data on several issues related to these workshops and, after conducting statistical tests, obtained statistically significant findings. She needs to find a way to evaluate effect size so that she can make recommendations to the company. One of the psychologist's findings is that 18 months after the workshop, a sample of 81 job seekers who received training on setting career goals worked more than 30 hours per week an average of 8. 7 months in the last year, with a standard deviation of 4.1. The typical job seeker works 7.4 months. The psychologist finds that the estimated Cohen's d is _______ (three decimals)For a variety of reasons, self-reported disease outcomes are frequently used without verification in epidemiologic research. In a study by Parikh-Patel et al. (A-12), researchers looked at the relationship between self-reported cancer cases and actual cases. They used the self-reported cancer data from a California Teachers Study and validated the cancer cases by using the California Cancer Registry data. The following table reports their findings for breast cancer: Cancer Reported (A) Yes No Total Cancer in Registry (B) 2991 112 3103 Cancer Not in Registry 2244 115849 118093 Total 5235 115961 121196 10. 11. Source: Arti Parikh-Patel, Mark Allen, William E. Wright, and the California Teachers Study Steering Committee, “Validation of Self-reported Cancers in the California Teachers Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 157 (2003), 539–545. (d) FindðAjBÞ (e) Find PðB j AÞ (f) Find the sensitivity of using self-reported breast cancer as a predictor of actual…
- A researcher wants to test a new memory performance supplement that has shown some promise in primate studies where subjects were given the supplement followed by the task of identifying pictures of other animals three days later. The dependent variable was measured by the number of pictures correctly identified. The researchers noticed that while there was a positive correlation between the group given the supplement and number of correctly identified pictures as compared to the control group, they also notice that there seemed to be some variation between the males and females of the primates. Additionally, two different amounts of the drug have been proposed for consideration. Therefore, in the current study, the researchers want to divide the subject primates (N=60) by gender (male: n=30; female: n=30), and give them a 10 mg dose in one treatment condition, and a 25 mg dose in the other treatment condition. To do this, they are dividing each group of males and females in half, and…Since this research focuses on sleep habits in college students and its effect on mental health, we have proposed the research question to be what the prevalence of college student's mental health issues are due to poor sleeping habits.Previous research has shown that anxiety and depression can be two indicators of poor sleep habits in college students (Becker et al., 2018). As mentioned before, college students are also at risk of developing poor sleep habits because, as freshmen, they transition into a more significant workload than they are accustomed to doing. They are also given more freedom with their time. So, we predict a relationship between mental health and low amounts of sleep-in students. In contrast, the alternative outcome is that there will be no mental health problems arising as students lose sleep for long periods. Since getting good sleep allows us to function better throughout our days, we will likely see the impact bad quality and quantity of sleep will have on…You want to compare males and females in their use of coping strategies when engaged in conflict in relationships. You send surveys to couples obtained from marriage license application at the county clerk's office. You identify several distinct coping strategies on the survey and have the respondents rate their use of each strategy on a 7-point scale. You then compare scores that come from the two members of each relationship. If testing hypotheses about the effects of gender on use of coping strategies, it would be most appropriate to calculate a ... 1) independent-samples t 2) one sample t 3) paired samples t 4) z test
