**Column Chromatography****Materials and Reagents**The table below outlines the substances used in the column chromatography process, including the specific amounts and any additional observations.| Substance | Amount Used | Additional Observations (Color, etc.) ||-----------|--------------|---------------------------------------|| Alumina | 3.962 g | [Observation input field; currently empty] || Chromatography Mixture | 0.143 g | [Observation input field; currently empty] || 9:1 Hexanes:Ether | 9.50 mL | [Observation input field; currently empty] || 8:2 Hexanes:Ether | 9.50 mL | [Observation input field; currently empty] || 1:1 Hexanes:Acetone | 11.00 mL | [Observation input field; currently empty] |- **Alumina (3.962 g):** Used as the stationary phase in the column.- **Chromatography Mixture (0.143 g):** The mixture to be separated.- **9:1 Hexanes:Ether (9.50 mL):** Elution solvent mixture.- **8:2 Hexanes:Ether (9.50 mL):** Elution solvent mixture for further separation.- **1:1 Hexanes:Acetone (11.00 mL):** Elution solvent mixture for further separation.*Users performing this procedure are encouraged to note the color and other relevant details about the fractions collected, which can provide insights into the chemical composition being separated in the chromatography process.***Notes for Observations:**Users should input their observations in the respective fields assigned to each substance, particularly documenting the color changes or any other notable physical properties that arise during the chromatographic separation. ## Thin Layer Chromatography AnalysisThin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is an effective technique for separating and identifying compounds from a mixture. Below is the data obtained from a TLC experiment using different solvent fractions. The table lists the spot numbers, the distances they traveled, the intensity of their visibility under ultraviolet (UV) light, and space provided for calculating their Rf values.### Mobile Phase and Solvent Systems- **Solvent Front (Distance traveled by the solvent)**: 56.2 mm- **Solvent Systems Used**: - Fraction 1: 9:1 Hexanes:Ether - Fraction 2: 8:2 Hexanes:Ether - Fraction 3: 1:1 Hexanes:Acetone### TLC Data Summary| Sample | Spot Number | Distance Traveled (mm) | Intensity under UV | Rf ||----------------|-------------|-----------------------|--------------------|------|| Fraction 1 (9:1 Hexanes:Ether) | 1 | 44.1 | W | ____ || | 2 | 44.2 | S | ____ || Fraction 2 (8:2 Hexanes:Ether) | 3 | 21.8 | W | ____ || Benzil | 4 | 42.8 | S | ____ || Benzoin | 5 | 22.3 | S | ____ |### Observations:1. Various fractions of Hexanes:Ether, and Hexanes:Acetone were used to separate the compounds on the TLC plate.2. The distances traveled by the spots varied, indicating different affinities towards the mobile phase.3. The intensity under UV light was noted as either weak (W) or strong (S).#### Note:- **Rf Value Calculation**: To calculate the Retention Factor (Rf) for each spot, use the formula:\[ R_f = \frac{\text{Distance traveled by the spot (mm)}}{\text{Distance traveled by the solvent front (mm)}} \]- **Distance Traveled (mm)** refers to how far a particular spot moved from the baseline where the sample was initially applied.- **Intensity under UV** denotes how visibly strong or weak the spots appeared under UV light, which aids in identifying the compounds.This

The given process is the oxidation of benzoin to benzil and the purification of the product through…

Column Chromatography Alumina Chromatography Mixture 9:1 Hexanes:Ether 8:2 Hexanes:Ether 1:1 Hexanes:Acetone Amount Used 3.962 g 0.143 g 9.50 mL 9.50 mL 11.00 mL Additional Observations (Color, etc.) BIU X₂X² → BIU X₁ X² → BIU X₁ X² → BIU X, X² → BIU X₂ X² →

Column Chromatography Alumina Chromatography Mixture 9:1 Hexanes:Ether 8:2 Hexanes:Ether 1:1 Hexanes:Acetone Amount Used 3.962 g 0.143 g 9.50 mL 9.50 mL 11.00 mL Additional Observations (Color, etc.) BIU X₂X² → BIU X₁ X² → BIU X₁ X² → BIU X, X² → BIU X₂ X² →

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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6-9 and 11-17
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QUESTION 5 In a chromatographic separation using a polar stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of 60% hexane and 40% ethyl acetate, two compounds, benzene (peak A) and toluene (peak B), are eluted. The width of peak A at its base is 1.2 min, the width of peak B at its base is 1.3 min, and the retention time of peak A is 5.2 min and peak B is 3.5 min. What is the resolution (Rs) between these two peaks and is it acceptable? R = 1.36. It is not an acceptable resolution. R = 0.74. It is an acceptable resolution. R = 1.36. It is an acceptable resolution. R = 0.74. It is not an acceptable resolution.
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