Cicadas emerged from the soil last year and created a lot of noise in the northeastern U.S. Cicadas have a low probability of survival after achieving sexual maturity (when they metamorphose into the adult stage) compared to that of juveniles (the nymph stage shown below). Given this fact, what does life history theory predict would be the optimal life history strategy of the cicada? A) Once sexually mature, cicadas invest in current reproduction at the cost of devoting energy to maintenance and repair Devote energy to development at the cost of juvenile growth Once sexual maturity is achieved, cicadas invest in reproduction below the level that produces a cost in future survival and reproduction D none of the answers is correct Postpone the age of sexual maturity, low investment in reproduction once sexual maturity is reached to minimize the cost of future survival and reproduction

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