Chemical modifications of amino acids contribute to the diversity and function of proteins. For instance, γ-carboxylation of specific amino acids is required to make some proteins biologically active. What particular amino acid undergoes this modification, and what is its biological relevance? Warfarin, a derivative of coumarin, which is pres- ent in many plants, inhibits γ-carboxylation of this amino acid and was used in the past as a rat poison. At present, it is also used clinically in humans. What patients might be prescribed warfarin and why?

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