Can you please answer questions 5-9 starting from s2 to s3, please! explain your answer and show your work. Thank you! Background Previous studies have demonstrated the short-term efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but no longer-term (ie, >4 months) investigations have compared these 2 treatments or their combination. A 1999 study conducted by MTA Cooperative Group conducted a multisite study designed to evaluate the leading treatments for ADHD. The Study A group of 425 children with ADHD Combined Type, aged 7 to 11 years, were assigned to 14 months of medication management (titration followed by monthly visits); intensive behavioral treatment (parent, school, and child components, with therapist involvement, gradually reduced over time); or the two combined. Outcomes were assessed in multiple domains before and during treatment and at the treatment endpoint (with the combined treatment and medication management groups continuing medication at all assessment points). Data on how students performed on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Math Test before and after treatment were recorded. The Study Design In a 3-group parallel design, children were assigned randomly to medication management, behavioral treatment, combined treatment, or community care for 14 months. (In the method articles for this study, treatment assignments were referred to as medication, psychosocial treatment, and combined treatment. Randomization was done centrally by the National Institute of Mental Health Data Center, Rockville, Md, stratified by the site in blocks of 16 (4 to each group). Sealed, ordered envelopes were sent to sites for successive entries. Treatment assignment was concealed until the family confirmed the agreement to accept randomization. Academic achievement was measured with Mathematics subscales scores from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test before trea
Can you please answer questions 5-9 starting from s2 to s3, please! explain your answer and show your work. Thank you!
Background
Previous studies have demonstrated the short-term efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but no longer-term (ie, >4 months) investigations have compared these 2 treatments or their combination. A 1999 study conducted by MTA Cooperative Group conducted a multisite study designed to evaluate the leading treatments for ADHD.
The Study
A group of 425 children with ADHD Combined Type, aged 7 to 11 years, were assigned to 14 months of medication management (titration followed by monthly visits); intensive behavioral treatment (parent, school, and child components, with therapist involvement, gradually reduced over time); or the two combined. Outcomes were assessed in multiple domains before and during treatment and at the treatment endpoint (with the combined treatment and medication management groups continuing medication at all assessment points). Data on how students performed on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Math Test before and after treatment were recorded.
The Study Design
In a 3-group parallel design, children were assigned randomly to medication management, behavioral treatment, combined treatment, or community care for 14 months. (In the method articles for this study, treatment assignments were referred to as medication, psychosocial treatment, and combined treatment.
Randomization was done centrally by the National Institute of Mental Health Data Center, Rockville, Md, stratified by the site in blocks of 16 (4 to each group). Sealed, ordered envelopes were sent to sites for successive entries. Treatment assignment was concealed until the family confirmed the agreement to accept randomization.
Academic achievement was measured with Mathematics subscales scores from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test before treatment began and again after to see if there was a mean increase in their math score.
Variables
Age Years old they are at beginning of the study
Treat The treatment the child received. M = medication management, B = Behavioral Therapy, C = Combined
Math Math scores from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test beginning of the study
Math14 Math scores from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test after 14 months
MathDif Difference in Math scores before and after treatment (Math14 - Math)
Outcome S = successfully increased math score, F = did not increase their math score
Part 1 Understanding the problem
S1 Key Terms
Make sure you read the study information above including the background description.
1. Describe the population of interest. Hint: Think about who was studied, where they are from, and when this study took place.
2. Describe the sample. Hint: Open the data to see the sample size
3. Describe the parameter of interest for this study (the population parameter they are interested in)?
4. Describe the sample statistic the researcher will use to summarize the outcome (don't need to calculate anything yet)?
S2 Classifying variables
Read the description of the variables and open the attached data before answering the questions below.
5. Which variables are quantitative?
6. What are the explanatory and response variables? Identify which is which.
7. List another variable, not included in the dataset already, the researcher might want to record on each child with ADHD. Explain why you think this might cause variability in the response variable you identified in question 6.
S3 Statistical Studies
Read the description of the study design carefully and answer the questions below.
8. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Explain how you know.
9. A well-designed study can show causal relationships if it incorporates the following characteristics:
- Randomization of treatments
- Replication
- Control
Comment on whether or not the design of this study can show a cause-effect relationship between the explanatory and response.
S4 Graphical Summaries
10. Why was it important to record the age of each participant? (Hint: How would we want the ages to be distributed among the groups).
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