Caffeine and nicotine have excitatory effects because they: reduce the threshold for excitation increase the threshold for excitation open potassium ion leakage channels open chemically-gated chloride ion channels close chemically-gated calcium ion channels

Q: Explain how the same neurotransmitters can have different functions Mechanism of action depends on…

A: A neuron releases a signalling chemical called a neurotransmitter across a synaptic gap to influence…

Q: Which of the following neurotransmitters serve as the body's natural painkiller?   Acetylcholine…

A: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit an indication from a vegetative cell across…

Q: Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.

A: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or nAChRs can be defined as the receptor polypeptides that will…

Q: Describe the actions of THREE different neurotransmitters..

A:

Q: Which of the following statements is true? Chemical messengers within cells are always…

A: The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex network of nerve cells that process and coordinate the…

Q: The neuotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve…

A: The neuromuscular junction plays a vital role in the transmission of signals from nerve cells to…

Q: toxin creates pores that are permeable to Ca2+. Describe its immediate effect on the resting…

A: Action potential the action potential is defined as the rapid rise and fall in the membrane…

Q: Which of the following neurotransmitters would activate an adrenergic receptor? Acetylcholine…

A: The adrenoceptors or the adrenergic receptors refers to a class of G-protein coupled receptors,…

Q: Sarin gas is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase used in chemical warfare. Briefly (in 1 sentence…

A: Sarin is a chemical gas that is made by humans. In the 1930s (1937 in Germany) it was used in…

Q: Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs…

A: Electrical signals regulate the contraction of muscle, secretion of hormones, sensation of the…

Q: Give FOUR criteria for identifying a substance as a neurotransmitter.

A: Introduction  A neuron releases a signalling chemical called a neurotransmitter across a synaptic…

Q: In the parasympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released on the target organ? What…

A: Nervous system coordinates and controls the activities of the animals. Together, with the endocrine…

Q: Describe the changes in the neuron membrane that occur throughout the course of an action potential.…

A: The action potential is an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing…

Q: Use the following to fill in the blanks: Cholinergic, Adrenergic, Preganglionic, Postganglionic,…

A: The nervous system which comprises of the somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous…

Q: Which of the following channels opens in an excitatory cholinergic response?     ligand-gated K+…

A: Action potentials depolarize the membrane and open voltage-gated Na+ channels when they reach the…

Q: Sympathetic innervation can have pro- and anti- inflammatory effects. Which of the following…

A: The major three pathways included in general sympathetic pathway:  preganglionic. ganglionic.…

Q: Which of the following could be used to describe Norepinephrine (NE)? Select all that apply.

A: The endocrine gland secret the chemical massangers directly in the blood which is known as the…

Q: Describe the events that take place during an action potential. Begin at the point where an EPSP…

A: The nervous system is the portion of a creature's body that facilitates its actions and sends…

Q: When a neurotransmitter binds with receptors at the membrane, it may cause sodium channels to open.…

A: The endogenous chemicals which makes neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body are…

Q: In the introduction section the authors wrote “In general, the polarity-dependent mechanisms are…

A: Anodal stimulation is a type of electrical stimulation that involves passing a positive electric…

Q: Drugs that have been developed to potentiate inhibitory neurotransmitters (like gamma amino butyric…

A: Drugs are the chemical molecules, which acts on our body to bring back the normal physiological…

Q: autonomic system and identify the neurotransmitters and receptors such as dopamine,norephinephrine…

A: The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary movements aids in the…

Q: Describe nerve impulse propagation including: Continuous and saltatory conduction Factors affecting…

A: Action potentials are changes in the resting membrane potential that are actively propagated along…

Q: An action potential signals the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. It binds the…

A: An action potential signals the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. It binds the…

Q: Name two ways by which neurotransmitter can be eliminated

A: The synapse must be cleared before synaptic transmission may occur.

Q: patients during the acute phase of opioid withdrawal, clinicians may use NSS-2 Bridge device, which…

A: Opioids are the drugs which are used to ease the pain. After the heavy use of such opioids the body…

Q: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors allow both sodium and potassium to flow across the cell membrane…

A: Ach receptors stand for the acetylcholine receptors. These receptors functions in a similar manner…

Q: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation causes an involuntary motor output in response to a magnetic…

A: It is a non-invasive procedure through which virtual laceration are created in the brain with the…